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Large-scale solar water heating in South Africa: Status, barriers and recommendations

Author

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  • Joubert, E.C.
  • Hess, S.
  • Van Niekerk, J.L.

Abstract

This work evaluates large-scale solar thermal systems in South Africa. A database of 89 systems has been generated and analysed with regards to cost, applications and beneficiary industries. Since 2007 the average total annual commissioned collector area was only 1544 m2. Most systems are used for domestic hot water preparation. The average system cost is currently 603 EUR/m2, which is higher than the costs achieved in other countries. A brewery solar process heat case study compares 10 proposals for a tender. Proposed system installation costs varied by a factor of 2.5, suggesting low maturity in this market. The winning proposal has a 120.7 m2 gross collector area, LCOH = 7.9 EURc/kWh, IRR = 16.7% and payback = 9.3 years. A key barrier is the low cost of coal of 2 Eurocent/kWh, which is the dominating fuel. Current systems can already well compete with heat sources like paraffin, diesel, petrol and gas, which is shown by a detailed financial analysis. Besides the low coal price, other key barriers for increased market diffusion are long payback times, the technical complexity of the technology, as well as the lack of awareness and trust in the technology.

Suggested Citation

  • Joubert, E.C. & Hess, S. & Van Niekerk, J.L., 2016. "Large-scale solar water heating in South Africa: Status, barriers and recommendations," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 809-822.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:97:y:2016:i:c:p:809-822
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.06.029
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    Cited by:

    1. Allouhi, A. & Agrouaz, Y. & Benzakour Amine, Mohammed & Rehman, S. & Buker, M.S. & Kousksou, T. & Jamil, A. & Benbassou, A., 2017. "Design optimization of a multi-temperature solar thermal heating system for an industrial process," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 382-392.
    2. Wanjiru, Evan M. & Sichilalu, Sam M. & Xia, Xiaohua, 2017. "Model predictive control of heat pump water heater-instantaneous shower powered with integrated renewable-grid energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 1333-1346.
    3. Edgar A. Barragán-Escandón & Esteban Zalamea-León & John Calle-Sigüencia & Julio Terrados-Cepeda, 2022. "Impact of Solar Thermal Energy on the Energy Matrix under Equatorial Andean Context," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-25, August.
    4. Pankaj Kumar & Krishna Kumar Sinha & Bojan Đurin & Mukesh Kumar Gupta & Nishant Saxena & Malay Kumar Banerjee & Nikola Kranjčić & Suraj Kumar Singh & Shruti Kanga, 2022. "Economics of Implementing Solar Thermal Heating Systems in the Textile Industry," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-21, June.
    5. Naspolini, Helena F. & Rüther, Ricardo, 2019. "Impacts of the active power demand measurement-time resolution on the financial attractiveness of domestic solar hot water systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 336-345.
    6. Njoh, Ambe J. & Etta, Simon & Ngyah-Etchutambe, Ijang B. & Enomah, Lucy E.D. & Tabrey, Hans T. & Essia, Uwem, 2019. "Opportunities and challenges to rural renewable energy projects in Africa: Lessons from the Esaghem Village, Cameroon solar electrification project," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 1013-1021.
    7. Antonio Barragán-Escandón & Esteban Zalamea-León & Julio Terrados-Cepeda, 2019. "Incidence of Photovoltaics in Cities Based on Indicators of Occupancy and Urban Sustainability," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-26, February.
    8. Farjana, Shahjadi Hisan & Huda, Nazmul & Mahmud, M.A. Parvez & Saidur, R., 2018. "Solar industrial process heating systems in operation – Current SHIP plants and future prospects in Australia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 409-419.
    9. Irving Cruz-Robles & Jorge M. Islas-Samperio & Claudio A. Estrada, 2022. "Levelized Cost of Heat of the CSP th Hybrid Central Tower Technology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-23, November.
    10. Wenqiang Sun & Zuquan Zhao & Yanhui Wang, 2017. "Thermal Analysis of a Thermal Energy Storage Unit to Enhance a Workshop Heating System Driven by Industrial Residual Water," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-19, February.
    11. Ritchie, M.J. & Engelbrecht, J.A.A. & Booysen, M.J., 2024. "Loadshedding-induced transients due to battery backup systems and electric water heaters," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 367(C).

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