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One-step production of biodiesel through simultaneous esterification and transesterification from highly acidic unrefined feedstock over efficient and recyclable ZnO nanostar catalyst

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  • Kwong, Tsz-Lung
  • Yung, Ka-Fu

Abstract

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostar synthesized by simple and up-scalable microwave-assisted surfactant free hydrolysis method was applied as catalyst for biodiesel synthesis through one-step simultaneous esterification and transesterification from high free fatty acid (FFA) contaminated unrefined feedstock. It was found that ZnO nanostar catalyst was reacted with FFA to yield zinc oleate (ZnOl) as intermediate and finally became zinc glycerolate (ZnGly). With the re-deposition of ZnGly back to the ZnO nanostar catalyst at the end of the reaction, the catalyst can be easily recovered and stay active for five cycles. Furthermore, the rate of transesterification is highly promoted by the presence of FFA (6 wt.%) which makes it an efficient catalyst for low grade feedstock like waste cooking oil and crude plant oils.

Suggested Citation

  • Kwong, Tsz-Lung & Yung, Ka-Fu, 2016. "One-step production of biodiesel through simultaneous esterification and transesterification from highly acidic unrefined feedstock over efficient and recyclable ZnO nanostar catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 450-457.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:90:y:2016:i:c:p:450-457
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.01.028
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    Cited by:

    1. Zhang, Yujiao & Niu, Shengli & Hao, Yanan & Liu, Sitong & Liu, Jisen & Han, Kuihua & Wang, Yongzheng & Lu, Chunmei, 2023. "Preparation of SrZrAl multiple oxide catalyst for produce biodiesel from acidified palm oil," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 116-127.
    2. Liang, Xiaojiang & Fei, Haotian & Zhou, Chenxuan & Ye, Xuelei & Xie, Qinglong & Wu, Zhenyu & Yu, Shangzhi & Duan, Ying & Nie, Yong, 2023. "Zinc glycerolate: An unconventional heterogeneous catalyst for the glycerolysis of fatty acids in biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
    3. Lau, Pak-Chung & Kwong, Tsz-Lung & Yung, Ka-Fu, 2022. "Manganese glycerolate catalyzed simultaneous esterification and transesterification: The kinetic and mechanistic study, and application in biodiesel and bio-lubricants synthesis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 549-558.
    4. Laskar, Ikbal Bahar & Changmai, Bishwajit & Gupta, Rajat & Shi, Da & Jenkinson, Kellie J. & Wheatley, Andrew E.H. & Rokhum, Lalthazuala, 2021. "A mesoporous polysulfonic acid-formaldehyde polymeric catalyst for biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 415-421.

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