Solar to hydrogen conversion by a 25 cm2-photoelectrochemical cell with upscaled components

An innovative tandem photoelectrochemical cell with a scaled-up active area from 0.25 to 25 cm2 based on low-cost and non-critical raw materials was employed to produce green hydrogen by water splitting. It uses a photoanode/membrane/photocathode tandem cell configuration in which a hematite-based photoanode is layered on a fluorine-doped tin oxide glass for the oxygen evolution reaction, CuO is deposited on a hydrophobic gas diffusion layer as the photocathode for the hydrogen evolution reaction and an anion exchange membrane is used as the electrolyte and gas separator. The solid membrane's low hydrogen and oxygen crossover guarantees the operational stability of the tandem photoelectrochemical cell and the efficient separation of water-splitting products. Significant efforts have been focused on scaling up the cell. It has allowed obtaining, for the first time, a 25 cm2 unit cell prototype. Appropriate design approaches have been considered to optimise water/gas management, current collection, gas-tightness and clamping. The adopted architecture allowed for the reduction of the bias-potential from −1.23 V, generally employed to investigate PEC cells, up to −0.6/-0.4 V 20 h-durability tests demonstrated good resistance to corrosion, showing a constant photocurrent. Efficiency at −0.6 V was about 0.2%. Selective hydrogen production was demonstrated by mass spectrometric analysis.