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Political governance and urban systems: A persistent shock on population distribution from capital relocation in ancient China

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  • Lu, Ming
  • Ou, Haijun
  • Zhong, Yuejun

Abstract

This paper exploits a quasi-natural experiment with the exogenous shock of capital relocation in ancient China from Nanjing to Beijing in 1421 CE during the Ming Dynasty, to investigate the relationship between political governance and urban systems. We constructed a unique historical panel dataset that measures population distributions among Chinese counties spanning over centuries. Using a difference-in-differences identification strategy, our results reveal that after the capital relocation, the effect of localities' distance to Beijing, the newly established capital at that time, on local population size turns to be significantly negative. Moreover, these effects still persisted in the next dynasty and modern China. Furthermore, the results indicate that the impact of the capital relocation on population distribution occur through two major channels of political governance: delivery and national security. The causal relationship between capital relocation and population distribution is demonstrated to be robust using a variety of identification strategies and robustness checks.

Suggested Citation

  • Lu, Ming & Ou, Haijun & Zhong, Yuejun, 2024. "Political governance and urban systems: A persistent shock on population distribution from capital relocation in ancient China," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:regeco:v:108:y:2024:i:c:s0166046224000656
    DOI: 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2024.104034
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Capital Relocation; Population distribution; Urban system; Political governance;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • N95 - Economic History - - Regional and Urban History - - - Asia including Middle East
    • O18 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure
    • R11 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General Regional Economics - - - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes
    • R12 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General Regional Economics - - - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity; Interregional Trade (economic geography)

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