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How can we adapt to geological scarcity of antimony? Investigation of antimony's substitutability and of other measures to achieve a sustainable use

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  • Henckens, M.L.C.M.
  • Driessen, P.P.J.
  • Worrell, E.

Abstract

Antimony is an element that is applied in many useful applications for mankind. However, antimony resources are very scarce, when comparing the current extraction rates with the availability of antimony containing ores. From an inter-temporal sustainability perspective, current generations should not deprive future generations from extractable ores. The extraction rate of a mineral resource is defined sustainable, if such a rate can be sustained for 1000 years assuming the same consumption per capita in all countries of the world. To achieve a sustainable extraction of antimony, it is necessary to reduce the current extraction with 96% compared to the primary antimony extraction in 2010. We have investigated whether such an ambitious extraction reduction goal would be technically feasible, without losing any of the current services that are provided by antimony. Reduction of the use of primary antimony can be achieved through (a combination of) substitution, improved material efficiency and recycling. Because the potential of material efficiency and recycling are limited in the case of antimony, the focus is on substitution of antimony in its applications.

Suggested Citation

  • Henckens, M.L.C.M. & Driessen, P.P.J. & Worrell, E., 2016. "How can we adapt to geological scarcity of antimony? Investigation of antimony's substitutability and of other measures to achieve a sustainable use," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 54-62.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:recore:v:108:y:2016:i:c:p:54-62
    DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.01.012
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Henckens, M.L.C.M. & Driessen, P.P.J. & Worrell, E., 2014. "Metal scarcity and sustainability, analyzing the necessity to reduce the extraction of scarce metals," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 1-8.
    2. Henckens, M.L.C.M. & Driessen, P.P.J. & Worrell, E., 2015. "Towards a sustainable use of primary boron. Approach to a sustainable use of primary resources," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 9-18.
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    1. Micol Bussolesi & Alessandro Cavallo & Vithleem Gazea & Evangelos Tzamos & Giovanni Grieco, 2024. "Implementing Antimony Supply and Sustainability Measures via Extraction as a By-Product in Skarn Deposits: The Case of the Chalkidiki Pb-Zn-Au Mines," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-15, October.
    2. Zhao, Guimei & Li, Wenxiu & Geng, Yong & Bleischwitz, Raimund, 2023. "Dynamic material flow analysis of antimony resources in China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(PB).
    3. Zhao, Guimei & Li, Wenxiu & Geng, Yong & Bleischwitz, Raimund, 2023. "Uncovering the features of global antimony resource trade network," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PA).
    4. Wang, Chunhui & Zhong, Weiqiong & Wang, Anjian & Sun, Xiaoqi & Li, Tianjiao & Wang, Xingxing, 2021. "Mapping the evolution of international antimony ores trade pattern based on complex network," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    5. Zi-Qi Mu & Da-Mao Xu & Rong-Bing Fu, 2022. "Insight into the Adsorption Behaviors of Antimony onto Soils Using Multidisciplinary Characterization," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-15, April.

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