An environmental supply chain network under uncertainty

In the present study, a closed-loop supply chain network for production and recovery of button batteries is investigated under uncertainty. The environmental impact of button batteries is taken into account in the design of the supply chain network. Since there are many uncertainties in reality, the demand, cost and capacity are considered uncertain variables. To explore the impact of these uncertainties on the supply chain network, two multi-objective mixed integer programming models under uncertainty are developed, i.e., the expected value model and the chance-constrained model. The aim is to reduce the multiple environment effects on the total cost and weigh the pros and cons. A method based on life cycle assessment is proposed to evaluate the environment effects on the supply chain network. The two models can be converted into crisp models by the uncertainty theory. Lastly, numerical experiments are used to verify the feasibility of the proposed models and method.