IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/pacfin/v69y2021ics0927538x21001402.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Profitability of moving-average technical analysis over the firm life cycle: Evidence from Taiwan

Author

Listed:
  • Chen, Kuan-Hau
  • Su, Xuan-Qi
  • Lin, Li-Feng
  • Shih, Yi-Cheng

Abstract

Using a sample of Taiwanese listed firm stocks during 1992–2018, this paper tests the profitability of the moving average (MA) technical analysis over the firm life cycle (FLC). Building on the Dickinson (2011) FLC measure of, the results indicate a U-shape of MA profitability over the FLC—MA abnormal performance is higher in the introduction and shakeout/decline stages but lower in the growth and mature stages. Such a U-shape remains after controlling for various risk factors, such as the Fama–French five factors, the momentum factor, and the liquidity factor. The results of this study are robust to alternative lag length specifications for the MA, life cycle proxy, sub-period selection, equally/valued weighted sorted life-cycle portfolio, and various market stats, such as bullish/bearish market periods, high/low market volatility, and expansion/recession economic cycles. The overall results support the information uncertainty hypothesis and the dynamic resource-based life-cycle theory, postulating that a trend-chasing MA strategy is more profitable for firms in the introduction and shakeout/decline stages that are characterized by greater information uncertainty and, thus, longer underreaction-driven price continuation.

Suggested Citation

  • Chen, Kuan-Hau & Su, Xuan-Qi & Lin, Li-Feng & Shih, Yi-Cheng, 2021. "Profitability of moving-average technical analysis over the firm life cycle: Evidence from Taiwan," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:pacfin:v:69:y:2021:i:c:s0927538x21001402
    DOI: 10.1016/j.pacfin.2021.101633
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927538X21001402
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.pacfin.2021.101633?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Farias Nazário, Rodolfo Toríbio & e Silva, Jéssica Lima & Sobreiro, Vinicius Amorim & Kimura, Herbert, 2017. "A literature review of technical analysis on stock markets," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 115-126.
    2. X. Frank Zhang, 2006. "Information Uncertainty and Stock Returns," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 61(1), pages 105-137, February.
    3. Lin, Chaonan & Ko, Kuan-Cheng & Feng, Zhi-Xiang & Yang, Nien-Tzu, 2016. "Market dynamics and momentum in the Taiwan stock market," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 59-75.
    4. Amir, Eli & Lev, Baruch, 1996. "Value-relevance of nonfinancial information: The wireless communications industry," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 22(1-3), pages 3-30, October.
    5. Hsien-Hung H. Yeh & Eduardo Roca, 2012. "Macroeconomic Conditions and Capital Structure over the Business Cycle: Further Evidence in the Context of Taiwan," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(S3), pages 141-156, September.
    6. Kenneth A. Kavajecz, 2004. "Technical Analysis and Liquidity Provision," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 17(4), pages 1043-1071.
    7. Cheema, Muhammad A. & Nartea, Gilbert V., 2014. "Momentum returns and information uncertainty: Evidence from China," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 173-188.
    8. Danny Miller & Peter H. Friesen, 1984. "A Longitudinal Study of the Corporate Life Cycle," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 30(10), pages 1161-1183, October.
    9. Panopoulou, Ekaterini & Souropanis, Ioannis, 2019. "The role of technical indicators in exchange rate forecasting," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 197-221.
    10. Robert E. Quinn & Kim Cameron, 1983. "Organizational Life Cycles and Shifting Criteria of Effectiveness: Some Preliminary Evidence," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 29(1), pages 33-51, January.
    11. Ľuboš Pástor & Veronesi Pietro, 2003. "Stock Valuation and Learning about Profitability," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 58(5), pages 1749-1789, October.
    12. Malcolm Baker & Jeffrey Wurgler, 2006. "Investor Sentiment and the Cross‐Section of Stock Returns," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 61(4), pages 1645-1680, August.
    13. Alhashel, Bader S. & Almudhaf, Fahad W. & Hansz, J. Andrew, 2018. "Can technical analysis generate superior returns in securitized property markets? Evidence from East Asia markets," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 92-108.
    14. Bohl, Martin T. & Essid, Badye & Siklos, Pierre L., 2012. "Do short selling restrictions destabilize stock markets? Lessons from Taiwan," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 52(2), pages 198-206.
    15. Bixia Xu, 2007. "Life cycle effect on the value relevance of common risk factors," Review of Accounting and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 6(2), pages 162-175, May.
    16. Hasan, Mostafa Monzur & Habib, Ahsan, 2017. "Firm life cycle and idiosyncratic volatility," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 164-175.
    17. Ching-Ping Wang & Hung-Hsi Huang & Yong-Wei Chen, 2012. "Investor SAD Sentiment and Stock Returns in Taiwan," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(0), pages 40-57, July.
    18. repec:bla:jfinan:v:58:y:2003:i:5:p:1749-1790 is not listed on IDEAS
    19. Gencay, Ramazan, 1998. "The predictability of security returns with simple technical trading rules," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 5(4), pages 347-359, October.
    20. Chen, Yifan & Zhao, Huainan, 2012. "Informed trading, information uncertainty, and price momentum," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(7), pages 2095-2109.
    21. Carhart, Mark M, 1997. "On Persistence in Mutual Fund Performance," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 52(1), pages 57-82, March.
    22. Han, Yufeng & Yang, Ke & Zhou, Guofu, 2013. "A New Anomaly: The Cross-Sectional Profitability of Technical Analysis," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 48(5), pages 1433-1461, October.
    23. repec:bla:jfinan:v:53:y:1998:i:6:p:1839-1885 is not listed on IDEAS
    24. Huang, Bwo-Nung & Yang, Chin-Wei, 2001. "An empirical investigation of trading volume and return volatility of the Taiwan Stock Market," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 12(1), pages 55-77.
    25. Ko, Kuan-Cheng & Lin, Shinn-Juh & Su, Hsiang-Ju & Chang, Hsing-Hua, 2014. "Value investing and technical analysis in Taiwan stock market," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 14-36.
    26. James Kozyra & Camillo Lento, 2011. "Filter rules: follow the trend or take the contrarian approach?," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(3), pages 235-237.
    27. Christopher J. Neely & David E. Rapach & Jun Tu & Guofu Zhou, 2014. "Forecasting the Equity Risk Premium: The Role of Technical Indicators," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 60(7), pages 1772-1791, July.
    28. Bong-Chan, Kho, 1996. "Time-varying risk premia, volatility, and technical trading rule profits: Evidence from foreign currency futures markets," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 41(2), pages 249-290, June.
    29. David Hirshleifer, 2001. "Investor Psychology and Asset Pricing," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 56(4), pages 1533-1597, August.
    30. A. M. Spence, 1981. "The Learning Curve and Competition," Bell Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 12(1), pages 49-70, Spring.
    31. Ben Marshall & Martin Young & Rochester Cahan, 2008. "Are candlestick technical trading strategies profitable in the Japanese equity market?," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 31(2), pages 191-207, August.
    32. Owen, Sian & Yawson, Alfred, 2010. "Corporate life cycle and M&A activity," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(2), pages 427-440, February.
    33. Kent D. Daniel & David Hirshleifer & Avanidhar Subrahmanyam, 2001. "Overconfidence, Arbitrage, and Equilibrium Asset Pricing," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 56(3), pages 921-965, June.
    34. Faff, Robert & Kwok, Wing Chun & Podolski, Edward J. & Wong, George, 2016. "Do corporate policies follow a life-cycle?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 95-107.
    35. Amihud, Yakov, 2002. "Illiquidity and stock returns: cross-section and time-series effects," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 5(1), pages 31-56, January.
    36. Chiang, Thomas C & Doong, Shuh-Chyi, 2001. "Empirical Analysis of Stock Returns and Volatility: Evidence from Seven Asian Stock Markets Based on TAR-GARCH Model," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 17(3), pages 301-318, November.
    37. Fama, Eugene F. & French, Kenneth R., 2015. "A five-factor asset pricing model," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 116(1), pages 1-22.
    38. Han, Yufeng & Zhou, Guofu & Zhu, Yingzi, 2016. "A trend factor: Any economic gains from using information over investment horizons?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 122(2), pages 352-375.
    39. Lukas Menkhoff & Mark P. Taylor, 2007. "The Obstinate Passion of Foreign Exchange Professionals: Technical Analysis," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 45(4), pages 936-972, December.
    40. Chen, Chien-Hua & Su, Xuan-Qi & Lin, Jun-Biao, 2016. "The role of information uncertainty in moving-average technical analysis: A study of individual stock-option issuance in Taiwan," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 263-272.
    41. Fama, Eugene F. & French, Kenneth R., 1993. "Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(1), pages 3-56, February.
    42. DeAngelo, Harry & DeAngelo, Linda & Stulz, Rene M., 2006. "Dividend policy and the earned/contributed capital mix: a test of the life-cycle theory," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(2), pages 227-254, August.
    43. Gradojevic, Nikola & Gençay, Ramazan, 2013. "Fuzzy logic, trading uncertainty and technical trading," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(2), pages 578-586.
    44. Hasan, Mostafa Monzur & Hossain, Mahmud & Cheung, Adrian (Wai-Kong) & Habib, Ahsan, 2015. "Corporate life cycle and cost of equity capital," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 11(1), pages 46-60.
    45. Kim, Jae H. & Shamsuddin, Abul & Lim, Kian-Ping, 2011. "Stock return predictability and the adaptive markets hypothesis: Evidence from century-long U.S. data," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 18(5), pages 868-879.
    46. Kang, Wenjin & Li, Nan & Zhang, Huiping, 2019. "Information uncertainty and the pricing of liquidity," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 77-96.
    47. Zhu, Yingzi & Zhou, Guofu, 2009. "Technical analysis: An asset allocation perspective on the use of moving averages," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(3), pages 519-544, June.
    48. Gerritsen, Dirk F. & Bouri, Elie & Ramezanifar, Ehsan & Roubaud, David, 2020. "The profitability of technical trading rules in the Bitcoin market," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 34(C).
    49. Bin Li & Di Zhang & Yang Zhou, 2017. "Do trend following strategies work in Chinese futures markets?," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 37(12), pages 1226-1254, December.
    50. Fama, Eugene F, 1970. "Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 25(2), pages 383-417, May.
    51. Ma, Yao & Yang, Baochen & Su, Yunpeng, 2021. "Stock return predictability: Evidence from moving averages of trading volume," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    52. Titman, Sheridan & John Wei, K. C., 1999. "Understanding stock market volatility: The case of Korea and Taiwan," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 7(1), pages 41-66, February.
    53. Dai, Zhifeng & Zhu, Huan & Kang, Jie, 2021. "New technical indicators and stock returns predictability," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 127-142.
    54. Corbet, Shaen & Eraslan, Veysel & Lucey, Brian & Sensoy, Ahmet, 2019. "The effectiveness of technical trading rules in cryptocurrency markets," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 32-37.
    55. Hao, Ying & Chu, Hsiang-Hui & Ho, Keng-Yu & Ko, Kuan-Cheng, 2016. "The 52-week high and momentum in the Taiwan stock market: Anchoring or recency biases?," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 121-138.
    56. Hasan, Mostafa Monzur & Cheung, Adrian (Wai-Kong), 2018. "Organization capital and firm life cycle," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 556-578.
    57. Chung, San-Lin & Hung, Chi-Hsiou & Yeh, Chung-Ying, 2012. "When does investor sentiment predict stock returns?," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 19(2), pages 217-240.
    58. Anthony, Joseph H. & Ramesh, K., 1992. "Association between accounting performance measures and stock prices : A test of the life cycle hypothesis," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 15(2-3), pages 203-227, August.
    59. Constance E. Helfat & Margaret A. Peteraf, 2003. "The dynamic resource‐based view: capability lifecycles," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 24(10), pages 997-1010, October.
    60. Smith, David M. & Wang, Na & Wang, Ying & Zychowicz, Edward J., 2016. "Sentiment and the Effectiveness of Technical Analysis: Evidence from the Hedge Fund Industry," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 51(6), pages 1991-2013, December.
    61. Moskowitz, Tobias J. & Ooi, Yao Hua & Pedersen, Lasse Heje, 2012. "Time series momentum," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(2), pages 228-250.
    62. Chan, Louis K C & Jegadeesh, Narasimhan & Lakonishok, Josef, 1996. "Momentum Strategies," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 51(5), pages 1681-1713, December.
    63. Huang, Chao-Hsi & Hsieh, Yi-Shan, 2021. "Leverage dynamics over the business cycle: Evidence from Taiwan listed and unlisted firms," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 373-391.
    64. Lin, Qi, 2018. "Technical analysis and stock return predictability: An aligned approach," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 103-123.
    65. Yang, Junmin & Cao, Zhiguang & Han, Qiheng & Wang, Qiyu, 2019. "Tactical asset allocation on technical trading rules and data snooping," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    66. Gort, Michael & Klepper, Steven, 1982. "Time Paths in the Diffusion of Product Innovations," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 92(367), pages 630-653, September.
    67. Brock, William & Lakonishok, Josef & LeBaron, Blake, 1992. "Simple Technical Trading Rules and the Stochastic Properties of Stock Returns," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 47(5), pages 1731-1764, December.
    68. Michael Lemmon & Evgenia Portniaguina, 2006. "Consumer Confidence and Asset Prices: Some Empirical Evidence," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 19(4), pages 1499-1529.
    69. Mary E. Barth & Ron Kasznik & Maureen F. McNichols, 2001. "Analyst Coverage and Intangible Assets," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(1), pages 1-34, June.
    70. Birger Wernerfelt, 1985. "The Dynamics of Prices and Market Shares Over the Product Life Cycle," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 31(8), pages 928-939, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Muhammad Ramzan & Wee‐Yeap Lau, 2023. "Impact of asset preferences on firm performance over its life cycle: Is agency theory or neo‐classical theory more relevant?," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 44(1), pages 595-607, January.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Hasan, Mostafa Monzur & Habib, Ahsan, 2017. "Firm life cycle and idiosyncratic volatility," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 164-175.
    2. Chen, Chien-Hua & Su, Xuan-Qi & Lin, Jun-Biao, 2016. "The role of information uncertainty in moving-average technical analysis: A study of individual stock-option issuance in Taiwan," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 263-272.
    3. Hung, Chiayu & Lai, Hung-Neng, 2022. "Information asymmetry and the profitability of technical analysis," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    4. Taylor, Nick, 2014. "The rise and fall of technical trading rule success," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 286-302.
    5. Habib, Ahsan & Hasan, Mostafa Monzur, 2019. "Corporate life cycle research in accounting, finance and corporate governance: A survey, and directions for future research," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 188-201.
    6. Adam Zaremba & Jacob Koby Shemer, 2018. "Price-Based Investment Strategies," Springer Books, Springer, number 978-3-319-91530-2, June.
    7. Shahzad, Farrukh & Fareed, Zeeshan & Wang, Zhenkun & Shah, Syed Ghulam Meran, 2020. "Do idiosyncratic risk, market risk, and total risk matter during different firm life cycle stages?," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 537(C).
    8. Ma, Yao & Yang, Baochen & Su, Yunpeng, 2021. "Stock return predictability: Evidence from moving averages of trading volume," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    9. Ahsan Akbar & Minhas Akbar & Wenjin Tang & Muhammad Azeem Qureshi, 2019. "Is Bankruptcy Risk Tied to Corporate Life-Cycle? Evidence from Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-22, January.
    10. Shahzad, Farrukh & Ahmad, Munir & Fareed, Zeeshan & Wang, Zhenkun, 2022. "Innovation decisions through firm life cycle: A new evidence from emerging markets," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 51-67.
    11. Souropanis, Ioannis & Vivian, Andrew, 2023. "Forecasting realized volatility with wavelet decomposition," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    12. Chaonan Lin & Nien‐Tzu Yang & Robin K. Chou & Kuan‐Cheng Ko, 2022. "A timing momentum strategy," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 62(S1), pages 1339-1379, April.
    13. Ahsan Habib & Mostafa Monzur Hasan, 2017. "Firm life cycle, corporate risk-taking and investor sentiment," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 57(2), pages 465-497, June.
    14. Jacobs, Heiko, 2015. "What explains the dynamics of 100 anomalies?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 65-85.
    15. Muhammad Atif & Benjamin Liu & Sivathaasan Nadarajah, 2022. "The effect of corporate environmental, social and governance disclosure on cash holdings: Life‐cycle perspective," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 31(5), pages 2193-2212, July.
    16. Stephen A. Gorman & Frank J. Fabozzi, 2021. "The ABC’s of the alternative risk premium: academic roots," Journal of Asset Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 22(6), pages 405-436, October.
    17. Ben R. Marshall & Nhut H. Nguyen & Nuttawat Visaltanachoti, 2017. "Time series momentum and moving average trading rules," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(3), pages 405-421, March.
    18. Christopher J. Neely & David E. Rapach & Jun Tu & Guofu Zhou, 2014. "Forecasting the Equity Risk Premium: The Role of Technical Indicators," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 60(7), pages 1772-1791, July.
    19. Biswas, Pallab Kumar & Habib, Ahsan & Ranasinghe, Dinithi, 2022. "Firm life cycle and financial statement comparability," Advances in accounting, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    20. Ryan Flugum, 2021. "The trend is an analyst's friend: Analyst recommendations and market technicals," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 56(2), pages 301-330, May.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Moving-average; Technical analysis; Firm life cycle; Information uncertainty; Underreaction; Price continuation;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G11 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
    • G12 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates
    • G14 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies; Insider Trading
    • C61 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling - - - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis
    • L22 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Firm Organization and Market Structure

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:pacfin:v:69:y:2021:i:c:s0927538x21001402. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/pacfin .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.