Oil spill response in the Arctic: Norwegian experiences and future perspectives

With the northwards expansion of offshore petroleum activity in Arctic states, there is a concern of the adequacy of emergency response systems. Petroleum activity in these areas is challenging due to harsh weather conditions, darkness, ice, large distances and lack of infrastructure. The politically controversial nature of Arctic oil and gas exploitation makes improvements in oil spill response a necessary condition to receive a license to operate for the oil industry. This paper analyzes the characteristics and development of the Norwegian oil spill response systems in the light of the northwards expansion of the petroleum industry. It addresses the Norwegian case from a pan-Arctic perspective, and looks at the different scales at which emergency response networks are organized. The preparedness theme turns out to be a meeting point for environmental and business interests and provides opportunities for innovation and economic development. Despite ongoing developments and improvements, the paper discusses the challenges ahead in Arctic oil spill preparedness. These should be addressed from a local, state and international level simultaneously, involving public institutions, private companies, and public–private constellations. While implementation takes place at the national and local level, the Arctic Council has a potentially important role in harmonizing standards and regulations across Arctic countries.