IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jrpoli/v92y2024ics0301420724003490.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

How disaggregated natural resources rents affect financial development: From the perspective of sustainable development

Author

Listed:
  • Yang, Xue
  • Zhang, Peng
  • Zhao, Zuoxiang
  • Koondhar, Mansoor Ahmed

Abstract

Enhancing financial development has emerged as a paramount goal for nations worldwide, reflecting its pivotal role in fostering economic growth, stability, and prosperity. A developed financial system is inevitable for achieving sustainable development in a country. Therefore, it is essential to take measures that promote financial development. Also, promoting financial development entails knowledge of the determinants of financial development. Therefore, the present study intends to investigate whether during the period from 1989 to 2021, whether coal, oil, and natural gas rents have any impact on financial development in China. To that end, we adopt the novel Fourier ARDL modeling. The results claim that oil rent escalates financial development in the long run, while gas and coal rent impede it. On the contrary, oil rent mitigates financial development in the short run, whereas gas and coal rent promote it. Thus, we direct several policy stances to promote financial development.

Suggested Citation

  • Yang, Xue & Zhang, Peng & Zhao, Zuoxiang & Koondhar, Mansoor Ahmed, 2024. "How disaggregated natural resources rents affect financial development: From the perspective of sustainable development," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:92:y:2024:i:c:s0301420724003490
    DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104982
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301420724003490
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104982?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chen Haibo & Emmanuel Kwaku Manu & Mary Somuah, 2023. "Examining Finance-Growth Nexus: Empirical Evidence From the Sub-Regional Economies of Africa," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(1), pages 21582440231, February.
    2. Su, Chi-Wei & Cai, Xu-Yu & Qin, Meng & Tao, Ran & Umar, Muhammad, 2021. "Can bank credit withstand falling house price in China?," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 257-267.
    3. Dogan, Eyup & Madaleno, Mara & Altinoz, Buket, 2020. "Revisiting the nexus of financialization and natural resource abundance in resource-rich countries: New empirical evidence from nine indices of financial development," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    4. Jeffrey D. Sachs & Andrew M. Warner, 1995. "Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth," NBER Working Papers 5398, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    5. Padamja Khandelwal & Mr. Ken Miyajima & Mr. Andre O Santos, 2016. "The Impact of Oil Prices on the Banking System in the GCC," IMF Working Papers 2016/161, International Monetary Fund.
    6. Dwumfour, Richard Adjei & Ntow-Gyamfi, Matthew, 2018. "Natural resources, financial development and institutional quality in Africa: Is there a resource curse?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 411-426.
    7. Zivot, Eric & Andrews, Donald W K, 2002. "Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit-Root Hypothesis," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 20(1), pages 25-44, January.
    8. Guan, Jialin & Kirikkaleli, Dervis & Bibi, Ayesha & Zhang, Weike, 2020. "Natural resources rents nexus with financial development in the presence of globalization: Is the “resource curse” exist or myth?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    9. Beck, Thorsten & Demirguc-Kunt, Asli & Levine, Ross, 2003. "Law, endowments, and finance," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(2), pages 137-181, November.
    10. M. Hashem Pesaran & Yongcheol Shin & Richard J. Smith, 2001. "Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(3), pages 289-326.
    11. Onyinye I. Anthony-Orji & Anthony Orji & Jonathan E. Ogbuabor & Lucy C. Uka, 2023. "Money matters a lot: empirical analysis of financial development, financial inclusion and economic growth in Nigeria," International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 17(1), pages 100-117.
    12. Mutiu A. Oyinlola & Oluwatosin A. Adeniyi & Ibrahim D. Raheem, 2015. "Natural resource abundance, institutions and economic growth in Africa," African Journal of Economic and Sustainable Development, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 4(1), pages 34-48.
    13. Zaidi, Syed Anees Haider & Wei, Zixiang & Gedikli, Ayfer & Zafar, Muhammad Wasif & Hou, Fujun & Iftikhar, Yaser, 2019. "The impact of globalization, natural resources abundance, and human capital on financial development: Evidence from thirty-one OECD countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    14. Kim, Dong-Hyeon & Lin, Shu-Chin & Suen, Yu-Bo, 2010. "Dynamic effects of trade openness on financial development," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 254-261, January.
    15. Aizenman, Joshua, 2008. "On the hidden links between financial and trade opening," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(3), pages 372-386, April.
    16. Zameer, Hashim & Yasmeen, Humaira & Wang, Rong & Tao, Jing & Malik, Muhammad Nasir, 2020. "An empirical investigation of the coordinated development of natural resources, financial development and ecological efficiency in China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    17. Badeeb, Ramez Abubakr & Lean, Hooi Hooi & Clark, Jeremy, 2017. "The evolution of the natural resource curse thesis: A critical literature survey," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 123-134.
    18. Bhattacharyya, Sambit, 2013. "Political origins of financial structure," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 41(4), pages 979-994.
    19. elias elhannani, farah & boussalem, abou bakr & Benbouziane, Mohamed, 2016. "Financial development and the oil curse: Evidence from Algeria," MPRA Paper 81866, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised May 2016.
    20. Atil, Ahmed & Nawaz, Kishwar & Lahiani, Amine & Roubaud, David, 2020. "Are natural resources a blessing or a curse for financial development in Pakistan? The importance of oil prices, economic growth and economic globalization," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    21. Berthelemy, Jean-Claude & Varoudakis, Aristomene, 1996. "Economic Growth, Convergence Clubs, and the Role of Financial Development," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 48(2), pages 300-328, April.
    22. Thorvaldur Gylfason & Gylfi Zoega, 2006. "Natural Resources and Economic Growth: The Role of Investment," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(8), pages 1091-1115, August.
    23. Ashraf, Badar Nadeem, 2018. "Do trade and financial openness matter for financial development? Bank-level evidence from emerging market economies," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 434-458.
    24. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Naeem, Muhammad & Ahad, Muhammad & Tahir, Iqbal, 2018. "Is natural resource abundance a stimulus for financial development in the USA?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 223-232.
    25. Ying Wang & Xiangyu Mao & Hashim Zameer, 2022. "Designing benefit distribution driven innovation strategy for local enterprises under the global value chain system," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 43(6), pages 2358-2373, September.
    26. Shahin Javadi & Mahmood Motevaseli & Shahin Javadi & Jahangir Yadolahi Farsi, 2017. "Oil Rent and Financial Environment: A Cross-country Examination," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 7(1), pages 298-302.
    27. Olga Lavrinenko & Edmunds Čižo & Svetlana Ignatjeva & Alina Danileviča & Krzysztof Krukowski, 2023. "Financial Technology (FinTech) as a Financial Development Factor in the EU Countries," Economies, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-20, February.
    28. Ross Levine, 1997. "Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and Agenda," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 35(2), pages 688-726, June.
    29. Thorvaldur Gylfason, 2006. "Natural Resources and Economic Growth: From Dependence to Diversification," Springer Books, in: Harry G. Broadman & Tiiu Paas & Paul J.J. Welfens (ed.), Economic Liberalization and Integration Policy, pages 201-231, Springer.
    30. Liu, Guanchun & Zhang, Chengsi, 2020. "Economic policy uncertainty and firms' investment and financing decisions in China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    31. Hunjra, Ahmed Imran & Zhao, Shikuan & Goodell, John W. & Liu, Xiaoqian, 2024. "Digital economy policy and corporate low-carbon innovation: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    32. Zhongxiang Zhang, 2011. "In what format and under what timeframe would China take on climate commitments? A roadmap to 2050," International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 11(3), pages 245-259, September.
    33. Henderson, Daniel J. & Papageorgiou, Chris & Parmeter, Christopher F., 2013. "Who benefits from financial development? New methods, new evidence," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 47-67.
    34. Bhattacharyya, Sambit & Hodler, Roland, 2014. "Do Natural Resource Revenues Hinder Financial Development? The Role of Political Institutions," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 101-113.
    35. Fei Guo & Shi He & Zhitao Lin, 2023. "Truths and Myths About the Finance-Growth Nexus in China: A Meta-Analysis," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 59(5), pages 1408-1425, April.
    36. Lucas, Robert Jr., 1988. "On the mechanics of economic development," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 3-42, July.
    37. Ahmed Atil & Kishwar Nawaz & Amine Lahiani & David Roubaud, 2020. "Are natural resources a blessing or a curse for financial development in Pakistan? The importance of oil prices, economic growth and economic globalization," Post-Print hal-03676031, HAL.
    38. Sharma, Chandan & Paramati, Sudharshan Reddy, 2022. "Resource curse versus resource blessing: New evidence from resource capital data," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    39. Zhao, Shikuan & Cao, Yuequn & Hunjra, Ahmed Imran & Tan, Yan, 2023. "How does environmentally induced R&D affect carbon productivity? A government support perspective," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 942-961.
    40. Naseer, Ahsan & Su, Chi-Wei & Mirza, Nawazish & Li, Jing-Ping, 2020. "Double jeopardy of resources and investment curse in South Asia: Is technology the only way out?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    41. Siong Hook Law & W. N. W. Azman-Saini & Hui Boon Tan, 2014. "Economic Globalization and Financial Development in East Asia: A Panel Cointegration and Causality Analysis," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(1), pages 210-225, January.
    42. Li, Zongyun & Rizvi, Syed Kumail Abbas & Rubbaniy, Ghulame & Umar, Muhammad, 2021. "Understanding the dynamics of resource curse in G7 countries: The role of natural resource rents and the three facets of financial development," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    43. Olufemi Adewale Aluko & Muazu Ibrahim, 2021. "Institutions and financial development in ECOWAS," Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 11(2), pages 187-198, April.
    44. Asif, Muhammad & Khan, Khan Burhan & Anser, Muhammad Khalid & Nassani, Abdelmohsen A. & Abro, Muhammad Moinuddin Qazi & Zaman, Khalid, 2020. "Dynamic interaction between financial development and natural resources: Evaluating the ‘Resource curse’ hypothesis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    45. Yuri Quixina & Álvaro Almeida, 2014. "Financial Development and Economic Growth in a Natural Resource Based Economy: Evidence from Angola," FEP Working Papers 542, Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Economia do Porto.
    46. Wang, Lu & Luo, Gong-li & Sharif, Arshian & Dinca, Gheorghita, 2021. "Asymmetric dynamics and quantile dependency of the resource curse in the USA," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    47. Tang, Chang & Irfan, Muhammad & Razzaq, Asif & Dagar, Vishal, 2022. "Natural resources and financial development: Role of business regulations in testing the resource-curse hypothesis in ASEAN countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    48. Kais Mtar & Walid Belazreg, 2023. "On the nexus of innovation, trade openness, financial development and economic growth in European countries: New perspective from a GMM panel VAR approach," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(1), pages 766-791, January.
    49. Yuxiang, Karl & Chen, Zhongchang, 2011. "Resource abundance and financial development: Evidence from China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 72-79, March.
    50. Erdoğan, Seyfettin & Yıldırım, Durmuş Çağrı & Gedikli, Ayfer, 2020. "Natural resource abundance, financial development and economic growth: An investigation on Next-11 countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    51. Muhammad Atif Khan & Muhammad Asif Khan & Kishwar Ali & József Popp & Judit Oláh, 2020. "Natural Resource Rent and Finance: The Moderation Role of Institutions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-23, May.
    52. Daron Acemoglu & Simon Johnson, 2005. "Unbundling Institutions," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 113(5), pages 949-995, October.
    53. Yasmeen, Humaira & Tan, Qingmei & Zameer, Hashim & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2021. "Discovering the relationship between natural resources, energy consumption, gross capital formation with economic growth: Can lower financial openness change the curse into blessing," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    54. He, Qiao & Xie, Henglang & Zhu, Yichang & Huang, Lingyu, 2024. "The impact of natural resource, information and communication technology adoption, and economic expansion on financial development in post COVID era," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    55. Khan, Zeeshan & Hussain, Muzzammil & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Yang, Siqun & Jiao, Zhilun, 2020. "Natural resource abundance, technological innovation, and human capital nexus with financial development: A case study of China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    56. Jiang, Chun & Zhang, Yadi & Kamran, Hafiz Waqas & Afshan, Sahar, 2021. "Understanding the dynamics of the resource curse and financial development in China? A novel evidence based on QARDL model," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    57. Redmond, Trumel & Nasir, Muhammad Ali, 2020. "Role of natural resource abundance, international trade and financial development in the economic development of selected countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    58. Rajan, Raghuram G. & Zingales, Luigi, 2003. "The great reversals: the politics of financial development in the twentieth century," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(1), pages 5-50, July.
    59. Wang, Rong & Zameer, Hashim & Feng, Yue & Jiao, Zhilun & Xu, Li & Gedikli, Ayfer, 2019. "Revisiting Chinese resource curse hypothesis based on spatial spillover effect: A fresh evidence," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    60. Yıldırım, Seda & Gedikli, Ayfer & Erdoğan, Seyfettin & Yıldırım, Durmuş Çağrı, 2020. "Natural resources rents-financial development nexus: Evidence from sixteen developing countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    61. Menyah, Kojo & Nazlioglu, Saban & Wolde-Rufael, Yemane, 2014. "Financial development, trade openness and economic growth in African countries: New insights from a panel causality approach," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 386-394.
    62. Ogbeide, Frank Iyekoretin, Ph.D & Kanwanye, Hilary Temofeh, 2016. "What Drives Human Development In Nigeria: Do Output Size, Financial Developmentand Resource Dependence Matter?," West African Journal of Monetary and Economic Integration, West African Monetary Institute, vol. 16(2), pages 72-94, December.
    63. Rongwei, Xie & Xiaoying, Zhai, 2020. "Is financial development hampering or improving the resource curse? New evidence from China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    64. Yang, Xiaodong & Liu, Xia & Ran, Qiying & Razzaq, Asif, 2023. "How does natural resource dependence influence industrial green transformation in China? Appraising underlying mechanisms for sustainable development at regional level," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(PA).
    65. Fu, Junhui & Liu, Yufang & Chen, Rongda & Yu, Xiaojian & Tang, Wen, 2020. "Trade openness, internet finance development and banking sector development in China," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 670-678.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ali, Adnan & Ramakrishnan, Suresh & Faisal,, 2022. "Financial development and natural resources. Is there a stock market resource curse?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    2. Gokmenoglu, Korhan K. & Rustamov, Bezhan, 2022. "The role of the natural resource abundance in the short and long run: The case of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    3. Jiang, Chun & Zhang, Yadi & Kamran, Hafiz Waqas & Afshan, Sahar, 2021. "Understanding the dynamics of the resource curse and financial development in China? A novel evidence based on QARDL model," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    4. Muhammad Atif Khan & Muhammad Asif Khan & Kishwar Ali & József Popp & Judit Oláh, 2020. "Natural Resource Rent and Finance: The Moderation Role of Institutions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-23, May.
    5. Çetin, Murat & Sarıgül, Sevgi Sümerli & Işık, Cem & Avcı, Pınar & Ahmad, Munir & Alvarado, Rafael, 2023. "The impact of natural resources, economic growth, savings, and current account balance on financial sector development: Theory and empirical evidence," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    6. Khan, Muhammad Atif & Gu, Lulu & Khan, Muhammad Asif & Oláh, Judit, 2020. "Natural resources and financial development: The role of institutional quality," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 56(C).
    7. Seda Yıldırım & Durmuş Çağrı Yıldırım & Seda H. Bostancı & Elif Nur Tarı, 2022. "Winner or loser? The asymmetric role of natural resource rents on financial development among resource‐rich countries," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 30(6), pages 1921-1933, December.
    8. He, Jiao & Deng, Zhenghua, 2023. "Revisiting natural resources rents and sustainable financial development: Evaluating the role of mineral and forest for global data," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    9. Sun, Yizhong & Jin, Keyan & Wang, Deyong & Wu, Qingyang & Li, Zhezhou, 2023. "Revisiting the natural resources-financial development nexus in China: The importance of economic policy uncertainty," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(PB).
    10. Khan, Mohammed Arshad & Khan, Muhammad Atif & Khan, Muhammad Asif & Alhumoudi, Hamad & Haddad, Hossam, 2023. "Natural resource rents and access to finance," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 70.
    11. Faryal, & Faisal, Faisal & Amin, Muhammad Yusuf & Haq, Zahoor Ul & Rahman, Sami Ur & Ali, Adnan, 2023. "Natural resources revenues, shadow economy and financial institutions depth: The way forward," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PB).
    12. Han, Jingwei & Raghutla, Chandrashekar & Chittedi, Krishna Reddy & Tan, Zhixiong & Koondhar, Mansoor Ahmed, 2022. "How natural resources affect financial development? Fresh evidence from top-10 natural resource abundant countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    13. Wang, Lu & Chang, Hsu-Ling & Sari, Arif & Sowah, James Karmoh & Cai, Xu-Yu, 2020. "Resources or development first: An interesting question for a developing country," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    14. Hasanov, Fakhri J. & Aliyev, Ruslan & Taskin, Dilvin & Suleymanov, Elchin, 2023. "Oil rents and non-oil economic growth in CIS oil exporters. The role of financial development," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    15. Raihan, Asif, 2024. "The influences of economic progress, natural resources, and capitalization on financial development in the United States," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 3(2).
    16. Ebrahimi Salari, Taghi & Naji Meidani, Ali Akbar & Shabani Koshalshahi, Zeinab & Ajori Ayask, Amir Abbas, 2022. "The threshold effect of HDI on the relationship between financial development and oil revenues," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    17. Nurmakhanova, Mira & Elheddad, Mohamed & Alfar, Abdelrahman J.K. & Egbulonu, Alloysius & Zoynul Abedin, Mohammad, 2023. "Does natural resource curse in finance exist in Africa? Evidence from spatial techniques," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    18. Dogan, Eyup & Madaleno, Mara & Altinoz, Buket, 2020. "Revisiting the nexus of financialization and natural resource abundance in resource-rich countries: New empirical evidence from nine indices of financial development," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    19. Wang, Lu & Luo, Gong-li & Sharif, Arshian & Dinca, Gheorghita, 2021. "Asymmetric dynamics and quantile dependency of the resource curse in the USA," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    20. Guan, Jialin & Kirikkaleli, Dervis & Bibi, Ayesha & Zhang, Weike, 2020. "Natural resources rents nexus with financial development in the presence of globalization: Is the “resource curse” exist or myth?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:92:y:2024:i:c:s0301420724003490. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/30467 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.