IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jrpoli/v79y2022ics030142072200424x.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Investigating an optimal resource dependency to prevent natural resource curse: Evidence from countries with the curse risk

Author

Listed:
  • Destek, Mehmet Akif
  • Aydın, Sercan
  • Destek, Gamze

Abstract

The aim of this research is to find the optimal level of resource dependence that will eliminate the possibility of natural resource curse in 28 countries. First, the validity of a potential inverted U-shaped relationship between natural resource dependence and economic growth is explored, followed by the computation of the optimum dependency level that maximizes economic growth. A second empirical model is also developed to compare the optimal levels of resource dependence for economic growth and sustainable development. In doing so, second generation panel data methods are used, which account for the cross-sectional dependence of the 1990–2017 period. Furthermore, the impact of factors such as human resources, trade openness, and institutional efficiency, which are thought to mitigate resource risk, are studied. Our findings show that current resource dependency level does not appear to be a barrier to economic growth in 17 of the 28 countries, but it does appear to be a curse for sustainable development in 9 of 17 countries as well as the other 11 countries. Furthermore, it is concluded that increased trade openness promotes economic growth while harming sustainable development.

Suggested Citation

  • Destek, Mehmet Akif & Aydın, Sercan & Destek, Gamze, 2022. "Investigating an optimal resource dependency to prevent natural resource curse: Evidence from countries with the curse risk," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:79:y:2022:i:c:s030142072200424x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102981
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030142072200424X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102981?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Topcu, Ebru & Altinoz, Buket & Aslan, Alper, 2020. "Global evidence from the link between economic growth, natural resources, energy consumption, and gross capital formation," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    2. Bennett, Daniel L. & Faria, Hugo J. & Gwartney, James D. & Morales, Daniel R., 2017. "Economic Institutions and Comparative Economic Development: A Post-Colonial Perspective," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 503-519.
    3. Anne D. Boschini & Jan Pettersson & Jesper Roine, 2007. "Resource Curse or Not: A Question of Appropriability," Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 109(3), pages 593-617, September.
    4. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Nasreen, Samia & Ahmed, Khalid & Hammoudeh, Shawkat, 2017. "Trade openness–carbon emissions nexus: The importance of turning points of trade openness for country panels," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 221-232.
    5. Joakim Westerlund, 2008. "Panel cointegration tests of the Fisher effect," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 23(2), pages 193-233.
    6. Erum, Naila & Hussain, Shahzad, 2019. "Corruption, natural resources and economic growth: Evidence from OIC countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 1-1.
    7. Bai, Jushan & Kao, Chihwa & Ng, Serena, 2009. "Panel cointegration with global stochastic trends," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 149(1), pages 82-99, April.
    8. Nabil Maalel & Haider Mahmood, 2018. "Oil-Abundance and Macroeconomic Performance in the GCC Countries," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 8(2), pages 182-187.
    9. Nawaz, Kishwar & Lahiani, Amine & Roubaud, David, 2019. "Natural resources as blessings and finance-growth nexus: A bootstrap ARDL approach in an emerging economy," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 277-287.
    10. Dong-Hyeon Kim & Shu-Chin Lin, 2018. "The Resource Curse Hypothesis: Dynamic Heterogeneous Approach," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 54(12), pages 2698-2717, September.
    11. Sachs, J-D & Warner, A-M, 1995. "Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth," Papers 517a, Harvard - Institute for International Development.
    12. Corden, W M, 1984. "Booming Sector and Dutch Disease Economics: Survey and Consolidation," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 36(3), pages 359-380, November.
    13. Dell’Anno, Roberto, 2020. "Reconciling empirics on the political economy of the resource curse hypothesis. Evidence from long-run relationships between resource dependence, democracy and economic growth in Iran," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    14. Badeeb, Ramez Abubakr & Lean, Hooi Hooi & Clark, Jeremy, 2017. "The evolution of the natural resource curse thesis: A critical literature survey," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 123-134.
    15. Redmond, Trumel & Nasir, Muhammad Ali, 2020. "Role of natural resource abundance, international trade and financial development in the economic development of selected countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    16. Hashem Pesaran, M. & Yamagata, Takashi, 2008. "Testing slope homogeneity in large panels," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 142(1), pages 50-93, January.
    17. Dong-Hyeon Kim & Shu-Chin Lin, 2017. "Natural Resources and Economic Development: New Panel Evidence," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 66(2), pages 363-391, February.
    18. Adewale Samuel Hassan & Daniel Francois Meyer & Sebastian Kot, 2019. "Effect of Institutional Quality and Wealth from Oil Revenue on Economic Growth in Oil-Exporting Developing Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(13), pages 1-14, July.
    19. Saeed Moshiri & Sara Hayati, 2017. "Natural Resources, Institutions Quality, and Economic Growth; A Cross-Country Analysis," Iranian Economic Review (IER), Faculty of Economics,University of Tehran.Tehran,Iran, vol. 21(3), pages 661-693, Summer.
    20. M. Hashem Pesaran, 2007. "A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 22(2), pages 265-312.
    21. Majumder, Monoj Kumar & Raghavan, Mala & Vespignani, Joaquin, 2020. "Oil curse, economic growth and trade openness," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    22. Cheng, Zhonghua & Li, Lianshui & Liu, Jun, 2020. "Natural resource abundance, resource industry dependence and economic green growth in China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    23. Wang, Rong & Zameer, Hashim & Feng, Yue & Jiao, Zhilun & Xu, Li & Gedikli, Ayfer, 2019. "Revisiting Chinese resource curse hypothesis based on spatial spillover effect: A fresh evidence," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    24. T. S. Breusch & A. R. Pagan, 1980. "The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 47(1), pages 239-253.
    25. Stevens, Paul & Dietsche, Evelyn, 2008. "Resource curse: An analysis of causes, experiences and possible ways forward," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 56-65, January.
    26. Seyfettin Erdoğan & Nigar Demircan Çakar & Recep Ulucak & Danish & Yacouba Kassouri, 2021. "The role of natural resources abundance and dependence in achieving environmental sustainability: Evidence from resource‐based economies," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(1), pages 143-154, January.
    27. M. Hashem Pesaran, 2021. "General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 60(1), pages 13-50, January.
    28. Krugman, Paul, 1987. "The narrow moving band, the Dutch disease, and the competitive consequences of Mrs. Thatcher : Notes on trade in the presence of dynamic scale economies," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 27(1-2), pages 41-55, October.
    29. Ampofo, Gideon Kwaku Minua & Cheng, Jinhua & Asante, Daniel Akwasi & Bosah, Philip, 2020. "Total natural resource rents, trade openness and economic growth in the top mineral-rich countries: New evidence from nonlinear and asymmetric analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    30. Zhang, Yue-Jun & Jin, Yan-Lin & Chevallier, Julien & Shen, Bo, 2016. "The effect of corruption on carbon dioxide emissions in APEC countries: A panel quantile regression analysis," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 220-227.
    31. Chandan Sharma & Ritesh Kumar Mishra, 2022. "On the Good and Bad of Natural Resource, Corruption, and Economic Growth Nexus," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 82(4), pages 889-922, August.
    32. Rongwei, Xie & Xiaoying, Zhai, 2020. "Is financial development hampering or improving the resource curse? New evidence from China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    33. Wei, Hua & Rizvi, Syed Kumail Abbas & Ahmad, Ferhana & Zhang, Yuchen, 2020. "Resource cursed or resource blessed? The role of investment and energy prices in G7 countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    34. Shu Yang & Elyas Abdulahi & Muhammad Afaq Haider & Mohammed Asif Khan, 2019. "Revisiting the Curse: Resource Rent and Economic Growth of Sub-Sahara African Countries," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 9(1), pages 121-130.
    35. Tiba, Sofien & Frikha, Mohamed, 2019. "The controversy of the resource curse and the environment in the SDGs background: The African context," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 437-452.
    36. Gylfason, Thorvaldur, 2001. "Natural resources, education, and economic development," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 45(4-6), pages 847-859, May.
    37. Kishwar Nawaz & Amine Lahiani & David Roubaud, 2019. "Natural resources as blessings and finance-growth nexus: A bootstrap ARDL approach in an emerging economy," Post-Print hal-03532512, HAL.
    38. Adekoya, Oluwasegun B., 2021. "Revisiting oil consumption-economic growth nexus: Resource-curse and scarcity tales," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    39. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Ahmed, Khalid & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Jiao, Zhilun, 2019. "Resource curse hypothesis and role of oil prices in USA," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    40. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Destek, Mehmet Akif & Okumus, Ilyas & Sinha, Avik, 2019. "An empirical note on comparison between resource abundance and resource dependence in resource abundant countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 47-55.
    41. Nicholas M. Kiefer & Timothy J. Vogelsang, 2002. "Heteroskedasticity-Autocorrelation Robust Standard Errors Using The Bartlett Kernel Without Truncation," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 70(5), pages 2093-2095, September.
    42. Zhike Lv & Ting Xu, 2019. "Trade openness, urbanization and CO emissions: Dynamic panel data analysis of middle-income countries," The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(3), pages 317-330, April.
    43. Shakti Mohan TANDI & Prajna Paramita MISHRA, 2020. "Are resources a curse or blessings? Evidence from panel ARDL model," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania / Editura Economica, vol. 0(2(623), S), pages 191-204, Summer.
    44. Nasiru Inuwa & Sagir Adamu & Mohammed Bello Sani & Haruna Usman Modibbo, 2022. "Natural resource and economic growth nexus in Nigeria: a disaggregated approach," Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, Springer, vol. 15(1), pages 17-37, April.
    45. Tiba, Sofien, 2019. "Modeling the nexus between resources abundance and economic growth: An overview from the PSTR model," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    46. Hickel, Jason, 2020. "The sustainable development index: Measuring the ecological efficiency of human development in the anthropocene," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    47. Marques, António Cardoso & Pires, Patrícia Silva, 2019. "Is there a resource curse phenomenon for natural gas? Evidence from countries with abundant natural gas," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 1-1.
    48. Lin, Faqin, 2017. "Trade openness and air pollution: City-level empirical evidence from China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 78-88.
    49. Ruba Abdullah Aljarallah, 2020. "The Economic Impacts of Natural Resource Dependency in Gulf Countries," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 10(6), pages 36-52.
    50. Corden, W Max & Neary, J Peter, 1982. "Booming Sector and De-Industrialisation in a Small Open Economy," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 92(368), pages 825-848, December.
    51. Ruba A. Aljarallah & Andrew Angus, 2020. "Dilemma of Natural Resource Abundance: A Case Study of Kuwait," SAGE Open, , vol. 10(1), pages 21582440198, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Mao, Fengfu & Hou, Yuqiao & Wang, Rong & Wang, Zongshun, 2023. "Can industrial intelligence break the carbon curse of natural resources in the context of Post-Covid-19 period? Fresh evidence from China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(PA).
    2. Destek, Gamze & Hossain, Mohammad Razib & Aydın, Sercan & Destek, Mehmet Akif, 2023. "Can the resource curse be reversed through financialization, human capital, and institutional quality? Evidence from Sustainable Development Index," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(PB).
    3. Cevik, Nuket Kırcı & Cevik, Emrah I. & Destek, Mehmet Akif & Bugan, Mehmet Fatih & Manga, Müge, 2024. "Unleashing power of financial technologies on mineral productivity in G-20 countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    4. Li, Shi & Chen, Lei & Jiang, Tao & Wang, YingJie & Shen, Congcong, 2024. "Multidimensional financial development and natural resources: A path for sustainable development via natural resources and digitalization," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    5. Wang, Jinxing & Li, Wanming, 2024. "Natural resources-financial innovation-carbon neutrality nexus: The role of policy robustness," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    6. Destek, Mehmet Akif & Adedoyin, Festus & Bekun, Festus Victor & Aydin, Sercan, 2023. "Converting a resource curse into a resource blessing: The function of institutional quality with different dimensions," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    7. Chen, Yufeng & Khurshid, Adnan & Rauf, Abdur & Yang, Hanyao & Calin, Adrian Cantemir, 2023. "Natural resource endowment and human development: Contemporary role of governance," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    8. Gao, Pengfei & Li, Zhiyi & Shi, Rubiao, 2024. "Impact of natural resource dependence on green technology development: Role of digital governance in mitigating resource-curse using big data," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    9. Qian, Yu & Xu, Zeshui & Qin, Yong & Gou, Xunjie & Skare, Marinko, 2023. "Measuring the varying relationships between sustainable development and oil booms in different contexts: An empirical study," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PB).
    10. Skare, Marinko & Gavurova, Beata & Polishchuk, Volodymyr, 2023. "Fuzzy multicriteria evaluation model of cross-border cooperation projects under resource curse conditions," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PB).
    11. Opoku-Mensah, Evans & Chun, Weide & Wu, Yuan & Zhang, Can & Ofori, Elvis Kwame & Chen, Wei, 2024. "Sectoral innovativeness and environmental sustainability: Unearthing solutions to the resource curse," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    12. Achuo, Elvis D., 2023. "Resource wealth and the development dilemma in Africa: The role of policy syndromes," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    13. Wang, Zhongbao & Razzaq, Asif, 2022. "Natural resources, energy efficiency transition and sustainable development: Evidence from BRICS economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    14. Ozcan, Burcu & Temiz, Mehmet & Gültekin Tarla, Esma, 2023. "The resource curse phenomenon in the case of precious metals: A panel evidence from top 19 exporting countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    15. Wang, Xinxin & Xu, Zeshui & Niu, Ruoxuan & Skare, Marinko & Rahat, Birjees, 2024. "The convergence in per capita natural resources in the perspective of resource curse," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    16. Tong, Jun & Wang, Kai, 2024. "Exploring the role of higher education attainment in shaping the nexus of mineral resources dependency, business freedom, and globalization in South Asia," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    17. Liu, Yishuang & Huang, Jinpeng & Xu, Jianxiang & Xiong, Shufei, 2024. "Natural resource dependence and sustainable development policy: Insights from city-level analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    18. Destek, Mehmet Akif & Hossain, Mohammad Razib & Aydın, Sercan & Shakib, Mohammed & Destek, Gamze, 2023. "Investigating the role of economic complexity in evading the resource curse," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(PB).
    19. Yu, Xiuzhi & Jia, Fengshuo & Khan, Suliman & Khan, Zeeshan & Nassani, Abdelmohsen A., 2024. "Natural resources a curse or blessings for international trade? Empirical evidence from high indebted economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Destek, Mehmet Akif & Adedoyin, Festus & Bekun, Festus Victor & Aydin, Sercan, 2023. "Converting a resource curse into a resource blessing: The function of institutional quality with different dimensions," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    2. Destek, Gamze & Hossain, Mohammad Razib & Aydın, Sercan & Destek, Mehmet Akif, 2023. "Can the resource curse be reversed through financialization, human capital, and institutional quality? Evidence from Sustainable Development Index," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(PB).
    3. Ozcan, Burcu & Temiz, Mehmet & Gültekin Tarla, Esma, 2023. "The resource curse phenomenon in the case of precious metals: A panel evidence from top 19 exporting countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    4. Skare, Marinko & Gavurova, Beata & Polishchuk, Volodymyr, 2023. "Fuzzy multicriteria evaluation model of cross-border cooperation projects under resource curse conditions," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PB).
    5. GU, Jianqiang & Umar, Muhammad & Soran, Semih & Yue, Xiao-Guang, 2020. "Exacerbating effect of energy prices on resource curse: Can research and development be a mitigating factor?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    6. Alssadek, Marwan & Benhin, James, 2023. "Natural resource curse: A literature survey and comparative assessment of regional groupings of oil-rich countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    7. Hasanov, Fakhri J. & Aliyev, Ruslan & Taskin, Dilvin & Suleymanov, Elchin, 2023. "Oil rents and non-oil economic growth in CIS oil exporters. The role of financial development," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    8. Destek, Mehmet Akif & Hossain, Mohammad Razib & Aydın, Sercan & Shakib, Mohammed & Destek, Gamze, 2023. "Investigating the role of economic complexity in evading the resource curse," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(PB).
    9. Ramez Abubakr Badeeb & Jeremy Clark & Abey P. Philip, 2021. "The Nonlinear Effects of Oil Rent Dependence on Malaysian Manufacturing: Implications from Structural Change using a Markov-Regime Switching Model," Working Papers in Economics 21/11, University of Canterbury, Department of Economics and Finance.
    10. Khan, Zeeshan & Hossain, Mohammad Razib & Badeeb, Ramez Abubakr & Zhang, Changyong, 2023. "Aggregate and disaggregate impact of natural resources on economic performance: Role of green growth and human capital," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    11. Naseer, Ahsan & Su, Chi-Wei & Mirza, Nawazish & Li, Jing-Ping, 2020. "Double jeopardy of resources and investment curse in South Asia: Is technology the only way out?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    12. Wolde-Rufael, Yemane & Mulat-Weldemeskel, Eyob, 2023. "Is natural capital a blessing or a curse for capital accumulation in low income countries?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PA).
    13. Bin Amin, Sakib & Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad & Khan, Farhan & Manal Rahman, Faria, 2024. "Does technology have a lead or lag role in economic growth? The case of selected resource-rich and resource-scarce countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    14. Guan, Jialin & Kirikkaleli, Dervis & Bibi, Ayesha & Zhang, Weike, 2020. "Natural resources rents nexus with financial development in the presence of globalization: Is the “resource curse” exist or myth?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    15. Yilanci, Veli & Aslan, Murat & Ozgur, Onder, 2021. "Disaggregated analysis of the curse of natural resources in most natural resource-abundant countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    16. Hussain, Muzzammil & Ye, ZhiWei & Usman, Muhammad & Mir, Ghulam Mustafa & Usman, Ahmad & Abbas Rizvi, Syed Kumail, 2020. "Re-investigation of the resource curse hypothesis: The role of political institutions and energy prices in BRIC countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    17. Inuwa, Nasiru & Adamu, Sagir & Hamza, Yusuf & Sani, Mohammed Bello, 2023. "Does dichotomy between resource dependence and resource abundance matters for resource curse hypothesis? New evidence from quantiles via moments," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    18. Marques, António Cardoso & Pires, Patrícia Silva, 2019. "Is there a resource curse phenomenon for natural gas? Evidence from countries with abundant natural gas," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 1-1.
    19. Li, Ying & Tariq, Muhammad & Khan, Saleem & Rjoub, Husam & Azhar, Aisha, 2022. "Natural resources rents, capital formation and economic performance: Evaluating the role of globalization," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    20. Ali, Adnan & Ramakrishnan, Suresh & Faisal, Faisal & Ghazi H Sulimany, Hamid & Bazhair, Ayman Hassan, 2022. "Stock market resource curse: The moderating role of institutional quality," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:79:y:2022:i:c:s030142072200424x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/30467 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.