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The relationship between business cycles and capital structure choice: The case of the international shipping industry

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  • Merika, Anna
  • Theodoropoulou, Sotiria
  • Triantafyllou, Anna
  • Laios, Alexandros

Abstract

Research on capital structure choice depicts firm size, profitability, and asset tangibility as the main determinants of capital structure. The trade-off and pecking order theories of optimal capital structure predict contradictory relationships between each of these determinants and firm leverage. We attempt to reconcile the conflicting results in the literature by incorporating the impact of different phases of the economic cycle upon the choice of capital structure in a concentrated ownership setting. Studying 117 internationally listed shipping companies (about 60% of the entire population), we explore potential determinants of capital structure choice in periods of expansion (2003Q4), peak (2007Q4), trough (2008Q4), and sideways movement (2010Q4). Our finding that size, tangibility, and corporate performance constitute the main determinants of capital structure in the shipping sector is consistent with the literature. We employ the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) to estimate the interaction between capital structure choice, corporate profitability and structure of ownership. Our model asserts bidirectional positive relationships between leverage and profitability and leverage and concentrated ownership in the peak period of 2007, but bidirectional negative relationships amongst these variables in all other periods. We conclude that the sentiment of the ship-owner during different phases of the business cycle, along with ownership concentration are key elements in explaining the relationship between profitability and leverage in the shipping sector.

Suggested Citation

  • Merika, Anna & Theodoropoulou, Sotiria & Triantafyllou, Anna & Laios, Alexandros, 2015. "The relationship between business cycles and capital structure choice: The case of the international shipping industry," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, vol. 12(2), pages 92-99.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:joecas:v:12:y:2015:i:2:p:92-99
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jeca.2015.04.001
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    Cited by:

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    2. Alexandridis, George & Antypas, Nikolaos & Gulnur, Arman & Visvikis, Ilias, 2020. "Corporate financial leverage and M&As choices: Evidence from the shipping industry," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    3. Natalia N. Yashalova & Dmitry A. Ruban, 2023. "Content of Corporate Vision Statements in Maritime Logistics: A Case Study of the Largest Companies," Economies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-14, March.
    4. Sohail AMJED* & S.M. Amir SHAH**, 2017. "The Impact of Leverage Variances on Growth: A Longitudinal Study of Pakistan’s Corporate Sector," Pakistan Journal of Applied Economics, Applied Economics Research Centre, vol. 27(2), pages 249-266.
    5. Berk YILDIZ, 2024. "Validity of Capital Structure Theories in the Shipping Industry: An Application on U.S. Equity Markets," Sosyoekonomi Journal, Sosyoekonomi Society, issue 32(60).
    6. Agata Lozinskaia & Andreas Merikas & Anna Merika & Henry Penikas, 2017. "Determinants of the probability of default: the case of the internationally listed shipping corporations," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 44(7), pages 837-858, October.
    7. Andreas A. Kouspos & Photis M. Panayides & Dimitris A. Tsouknidis, 2023. "The relationship between technical innovation and financial performance in shipping firms," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 25(4), pages 698-727, December.

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