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Normal theory likelihood ratio statistic for mean and covariance structure analysis under alternative hypotheses

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  • Yuan, Ke-Hai
  • Hayashi, Kentaro
  • Bentler, Peter M.

Abstract

The normal distribution based likelihood ratio (LR) statistic is widely used in structural equation modeling. Under a sequence of local alternative hypotheses, this statistic has been shown to asymptotically follow a noncentral chi-square distribution. In practice, the population mean vector and covariance matrix as well as the model and sample size are always fixed. It is hard to justify the validity of the noncentral chi-square distribution for the resulting LR statistic even when data are normally distributed and sample size is large. By extending results in the literature, this paper develops normal distributions to describe the behavior of the LR statistic for mean and covariance structure analysis. A sequence of local alternative hypotheses is not necessary for the proposed distributions to be asymptotically valid. When the effect size is medium and above or when the model is not trivially misspecified, empirical results indicate that a refined normal distribution describes the behavior of the LR statistic better than the commonly used noncentral chi-square distribution, as measured by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov distance. Quantile-quantile plots are also provided to better understand the different distributions.

Suggested Citation

  • Yuan, Ke-Hai & Hayashi, Kentaro & Bentler, Peter M., 2007. "Normal theory likelihood ratio statistic for mean and covariance structure analysis under alternative hypotheses," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 98(6), pages 1262-1282, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jmvana:v:98:y:2007:i:6:p:1262-1282
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wakaki, Hirofumi & Eguchi, Shinto & Fujikoshi, Yasunori, 1990. "A class of tests for a general covariance structure," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 32(2), pages 313-325, February.
    2. Vuong, Quang H, 1989. "Likelihood Ratio Tests for Model Selection and Non-nested Hypotheses," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 57(2), pages 307-333, March.
    3. Ke-Hai Yuan & Peter Bentler, 2006. "Mean Comparison: Manifest Variable Versus Latent Variable," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 71(1), pages 139-159, March.
    4. Albert Satorra & Willem Saris, 1985. "Power of the likelihood ratio test in covariance structure analysis," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 50(1), pages 83-90, March.
    5. Yanagihara, Hirokazu & Tonda, Tetsuji & Matsumoto, Chieko, 2005. "The effects of nonnormality on asymptotic distributions of some likelihood ratio criteria for testing covariance structures under normal assumption," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 96(2), pages 237-264, October.
    6. James Steiger & Alexander Shapiro & Michael Browne, 1985. "On the multivariate asymptotic distribution of sequential Chi-square statistics," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 50(3), pages 253-263, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Ogasawara, Haruhiko, 2009. "Asymptotic expansions in mean and covariance structure analysis," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 100(5), pages 902-912, May.
    2. Shapiro, Alexander, 2009. "Asymptotic normality of test statistics under alternative hypotheses," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 100(5), pages 936-945, May.
    3. Hao Wu & Michael Browne, 2015. "Random Model Discrepancy: Interpretations and Technicalities (A Rejoinder)," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 80(3), pages 619-624, September.
    4. Feinian Chen & Patrick J. Curran & Kenneth A. Bollen & James Kirby & Pamela Paxton, 2008. "An Empirical Evaluation of the Use of Fixed Cutoff Points in RMSEA Test Statistic in Structural Equation Models," Sociological Methods & Research, , vol. 36(4), pages 462-494, May.
    5. Yuan, Ke-Hai & Chan, Wai, 2008. "Structural equation modeling with near singular covariance matrices," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 52(10), pages 4842-4858, June.
    6. So Yeon Chun & Michael W. Browne & Alexander Shapiro, 2018. "Modified Distribution-Free Goodness-of-Fit Test Statistic," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 83(1), pages 48-66, March.
    7. Hao Wu & Michael Browne, 2015. "Quantifying Adventitious Error in a Covariance Structure as a Random Effect," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 80(3), pages 571-600, September.
    8. Chun, So Yeon & Alexander, Shapiro, 2009. "Normal versus Noncentral Chi-square Asymptotics of Misspecified Models," MPRA Paper 17310, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Ke-Hai Yuan & Hongyun Liu & Yuting Han, 2021. "Differential Item Functioning Analysis Without A Priori Information on Anchor Items: QQ Plots and Graphical Test," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 86(2), pages 345-377, June.

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