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Regulating dark trading: Order flow segmentation and market quality

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  • Comerton-Forde, Carole
  • Malinova, Katya
  • Park, Andreas

Abstract

We examine the impact of a rule in the Canadian equities market that requires dark orders to offer price improvement over displayed orders. We show that this rule eliminated intermediation of retail orders in the dark and shifted retail orders onto the lit market with the lowest trading fee. Intermediaries shifted liquidity supply to this market leading to increased displayed liquidity. We conclude that reducing retail order segmentation enhances lit liquidity. Despite the improvement in liquidity, retail traders receive less price improvement. Retail brokers pay higher trading fees to exchanges, and high-frequency traders earn higher revenues from trading fees.

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  • Comerton-Forde, Carole & Malinova, Katya & Park, Andreas, 2018. "Regulating dark trading: Order flow segmentation and market quality," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 130(2), pages 347-366.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jfinec:v:130:y:2018:i:2:p:347-366
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2018.07.002
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    Cited by:

    1. Buti, Sabrina & Rindi, Barbara & Werner, Ingrid M., 2010. "Diving into Dark Pools," Working Paper Series 2010-10, Ohio State University, Charles A. Dice Center for Research in Financial Economics.
    2. Attig, Najah & El Ghoul, Sadok, 2021. "Flying under the radar: The real effects of anonymous trading," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    3. M. Kathleen Ngangoué & Georg Weizsäcker, 2021. "Learning from Unrealized versus Realized Prices," American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 13(2), pages 174-201, May.
    4. Eaton, Gregory W. & Green, T. Clifton & Roseman, Brian S. & Wu, Yanbin, 2022. "Retail trader sophistication and stock market quality: Evidence from brokerage outages," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 146(2), pages 502-528.
    5. Comerton-Forde, Carole & Grégoire, Vincent & Zhong, Zhuo, 2019. "Inverted fee structures, tick size, and market quality," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(1), pages 141-164.
    6. Hung, Pi-Hsia & Lien, Donald, 2019. "Trading aggressiveness, order execution quality, and stock price movements: Evidence from the Taiwan stock exchange," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 231-251.
    7. Justin Cox & Kathleen P. Fuller & Robert Van Ness, 2024. "Where does ex‐dividend trading occur: An examination of trading venues around dividends," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 59(1), pages 31-55, February.
    8. Justin Cox & Bonnie Van Ness & Robert Van Ness, 2022. "The dark side of IPOs: Examining where and who trades in the IPO secondary market," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 51(4), pages 1091-1126, December.
    9. Bayona, Anna & Dumitrescu, Ariadna & Manzano, Carolina, 2023. "Information and optimal trading strategies with dark pools," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    10. Baldauf, Markus & Mollner, Joshua & Yueshen, Bart Zhou, 2024. "Siphoned apart: A portfolio perspective on order flow segmentation," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    11. Ibikunle, Gbenga & Aquilina, Matteo & Diaz-Rainey, Ivan & Sun, Yuxin, 2021. "City goes dark: Dark trading and adverse selection in aggregate markets," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 1-22.
    12. Adams, Samuel W. & Kasten, Connor & Kelley, Eric K., 2024. "How free is free? Retail trading costs with zero commissions," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    13. Jurich, Stephen N., 2021. "Does off-exchange trading decrease in the presence of uncertainty?," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 201-213.
    14. Jose S. Penalva & Mikel Tapia, 2021. "Heterogeneity and Competition in Fragmented Markets: Fees Vs Speed," Applied Mathematical Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(2), pages 143-177, March.
    15. Marjolein E. Verhulst & Philippe Debie & Stephan Hageboeck & Joost M. E. Pennings & Cornelis Gardebroek & Axel Naumann & Paul van Leeuwen & Andres A. Trujillo‐Barrera & Lorenzo Moneta, 2021. "When two worlds collide: Using particle physics tools to visualize the limit order book," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 41(11), pages 1715-1734, November.
    16. Paul J. Irvine & Egle Karmaziene, 2023. "Competing for Dark Trades," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 23-020/IV, Tinbergen Institute.
    17. Khairul Zharif Zaharudin & Martin R. Young & Wei‐Huei Hsu, 2022. "High‐frequency trading: Definition, implications, and controversies," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(1), pages 75-107, February.
    18. Neumeier, Christian & Gozluklu, Arie & Hoffmann, Peter & O’Neill, Peter & Suntheim, Felix, 2023. "Banning dark pools: Venue selection and investor trading costs," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    19. Cox, Justin S., 2022. "The impact of reporting changes on hidden liquidity: Evidence from the Chicago stock exchange," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
    20. Suchismita Mishra & Le Zhao, 2021. "Order Routing Decisions for a Fragmented Market: A Review," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-32, November.
    21. Gonçalves, Jorge & Kräussl, Roman & Levin, Vladimir, 2023. "Dark trading and financial markets stability," CFS Working Paper Series 691, Center for Financial Studies (CFS).
    22. Michael Brolley, 2020. "Price Improvement and Execution Risk in Lit and Dark Markets," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 66(2), pages 863-886, February.
    23. Kobana Abukari & Isaac Otchere, 2020. "Has stock exchange demutualization improved market quality? International evidence," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 55(3), pages 901-934, October.
    24. Sabrina Buti & Barbara Rindi & Ingrid M. Werner, 2022. "Diving into dark pools," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 51(4), pages 961-994, December.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Dark trading; Trade-at rule; Price improvement; Segmentation; Retail internalization;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G14 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies; Insider Trading

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