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Still in need of confronting: Shadow education and its implications in the sustainable development goals

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  • Bray, Mark

Abstract

Recent decades have brought global expansion of private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education, with enrolment rates in some countries and at some grades now exceeding 80%. Shadow education maintains and exacerbates social inequalities despite government efforts through the Education for All (EFA) agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to reduce inequalities. Patterns vary, but in most countries shadow education receives inadequate policy attention in part because governments feel that it is beyond their remit and/or that they lack regulatory capacity. The paper argues for improved data collection for clarity on the extent, nature and implications of shadow education, and for stronger attention to regulations. One component of these regulations should focus on teachers, to specify the circumstances in which teachers may (not) provide tutoring. Another component should focus on commercial providers of shadow education, regulating them not only in the ways that other businesses are regulated but also with specific focus on educational domains.

Suggested Citation

  • Bray, Mark, 2024. "Still in need of confronting: Shadow education and its implications in the sustainable development goals," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:injoed:v:104:y:2024:i:c:s0738059323002432
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2023.102967
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ha-Thanh Nguyen & Minh-Phuong Nguyen & Thi-Hai-Yen Vuong & Minh-Quan Bui & Minh-Chau Nguyen & Tran-Binh Dang & Vu Tran & Le-Minh Nguyen & Ken Satoh, 2022. "Transformer-Based Approaches for Legal Text Processing," The Review of Socionetwork Strategies, Springer, vol. 16(1), pages 135-155, April.
    2. Tirau Adrian & Cozma Ion, 2022. "The Transfer Pricing Method: Practical Approach," Annals - Economy Series, Constantin Brancusi University, Faculty of Economics, vol. 5, pages 109-114, October.
    3. Neda Khanjari & Izak Duenyas & Seyed M.R. Iravani, 2022. "Should suppliers allow capacity transfers?," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 31(5), pages 2324-2340, May.
    4. Yun Ma & Hao Du, 2022. "Data-Driven Digital Transformation of Enterprises," Springer Books, in: Enterprise Data at Huawei, chapter 1, pages 1-12, Springer.
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