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Using the pension multiple to measure retirement outcomes

Author

Listed:
  • Minney, Aaron
  • Zhu, Zili
  • Guo, Ying
  • Li, Jiaming
  • Toscas, Peter
  • Koo, Bonsoo
  • Pantelous, Athanasios A.

Abstract

This paper presents a simple and intuitive measure of retirement income adequacy: the Pension Multiple which captures and quantifies the level of income for each future retirement year as a multiple of the government-provided social security pension. This Pension Multiple at each future retirement year is then mortality-weighted to produce an average Pension Multiple for the entire retirement. An expected shortfall from this average Pension Multiple is introduced to measure the potential shortfall at each future retirement year from the average Pension Multiple. A single measure of retirement income and potential shortfall is then calculated as the averaged Pension Multiple minus the averaged expected shortfall, which is called the adjusted Pension Multiple. Finally, any residual estate is also included as part of the retirement income adequacy measure. The Pension Multiple and estate residue can be calculated by any forecast model for future retirement income. In this paper, we use a robust stochastic forecasting model to demonstrate the effectiveness of using the Pension Multiple to measure and compare different retirement income strategies.

Suggested Citation

  • Minney, Aaron & Zhu, Zili & Guo, Ying & Li, Jiaming & Toscas, Peter & Koo, Bonsoo & Pantelous, Athanasios A., 2022. "Using the pension multiple to measure retirement outcomes," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 49(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:finlet:v:49:y:2022:i:c:s1544612322003725
    DOI: 10.1016/j.frl.2022.103149
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Chen, Wen & Koo, Bonsoo & Wang, Yunxiao & O’Hare, Colin & Langrené, Nicolas & Toscas, Peter & Zhu, Zili, 2021. "Using a stochastic economic scenario generator to analyse uncertain superannuation and retirement outcomes," Annals of Actuarial Science, Cambridge University Press, vol. 15(3), pages 549-566, November.
    2. Bernheim, B Douglas, 1991. "How Strong Are Bequest Motives? Evidence Based on Estimates of the Demand for Life Insurance and Annuities," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 99(5), pages 899-927, October.
    3. Chen, Wen & Minney, Aaron & Toscas, Peter & Koo, Bonsoo & Zhu, Zili & Pantelous, Athanasios A., 2021. "Personalised drawdown strategies and partial annuitisation to mitigate longevity risk," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 39(C).
    4. Blake, David & Wright, Douglas & Zhang, Yumeng, 2014. "Age-dependent investing: Optimal funding and investment strategies in defined contribution pension plans when members are rational life cycle financial planners," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 105-124.
    5. Butt, Adam & Khemka, Gaurav, 2015. "The effect of objective formulation on retirement decision making," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 385-395.
    6. Koo, Bonsoo & Pantelous, Athanasios A. & Wang, Yunxiao, 2022. "Novel utility-based life cycle models to optimise income in retirement," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 299(1), pages 346-361.
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