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Energy system analysis of the fuel cell buses operated in the project: Clean Urban Transport for Europe

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  • Saxe, M.
  • Folkesson, A.
  • Alvfors, P.

Abstract

During the project Clean Urban Transport for Europe (CUTE), which ended in May 2006, 27 fuel cell buses were operated in nine European cities. In this paper key performance parameters from the operation of the fuel cell buses in the project are reported, the energy system of the bus is analysed and drive cycle tests in five cities are presented and analysed. The focus of the paper is on fuel consumption and optimisation potential but experiences of, and recommendations for, evaluation in large demonstration projects are also presented. The results show that although the total fuel cell system efficiency was found to be high (36–41%), the fuel consumption was higher for the fuel cell buses than for diesel buses. Since the CUTE buses were a pre-commercial generation of fuel cell buses, with standard auxiliaries and extensive reliability measures, large fuel consumption reduction is possible. Suggestions on how to increase the efficiency is presented in this paper. Minimising the reliability measures would decrease fuel consumption by about 20% and lowering the weight by 2 tonnes would decrease fuel consumption by another 10%. Hybridisation in combination with using electrical auxiliaries could save an additional 5–10% or more.

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  • Saxe, M. & Folkesson, A. & Alvfors, P., 2008. "Energy system analysis of the fuel cell buses operated in the project: Clean Urban Transport for Europe," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 33(5), pages 689-711.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:33:y:2008:i:5:p:689-711
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2008.01.001
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ang, B.W. & Fwa, T.F., 1989. "A study on the fuel-consumption characteristics of public buses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 14(12), pages 797-803.
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    1. Ghosh, P.C. & Vasudeva, U., 2011. "Analysis of 3000T class submarines equipped with polymer electrolyte fuel cells," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 3138-3147.
    2. Ribau, João P. & Sousa, João M.C. & Silva, Carla M., 2015. "Reducing the carbon footprint of urban bus fleets using multi-objective optimization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P1), pages 1089-1104.
    3. Silveira, José Luz & Braga, Lúcia Bollini & de Souza, Antonio Carlos Caetano & Antunes, Julio Santana & Zanzi, Rolando, 2009. "The benefits of ethanol use for hydrogen production in urban transportation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(9), pages 2525-2534, December.
    4. Dargahi, Vahid & Sadigh, Arash Khoshkbar & Pahlavani, Mohammad Reza Alizadeh & Shoulaie, Abbas, 2012. "DC (direct current) voltage source reduction in stacked multicell converter based energy systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 46(1), pages 649-663.
    5. Correa, G. & Muñoz, P. & Falaguerra, T. & Rodriguez, C.R., 2017. "Performance comparison of conventional, hybrid, hydrogen and electric urban buses using well to wheel analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 537-549.
    6. Usón, Alfonso Aranda & Capilla, Antonio Valero & Bribián, Ignacio Zabalza & Scarpellini, Sabina & Sastresa, Eva Llera, 2011. "Energy efficiency in transport and mobility from an eco-efficiency viewpoint," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(4), pages 1916-1923.
    7. Lajunen, Antti & Lipman, Timothy, 2016. "Lifecycle cost assessment and carbon dioxide emissions of diesel, natural gas, hybrid electric, fuel cell hybrid and electric transit buses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 329-342.
    8. Abed Alaswad & Abdelnasir Omran & Jose Ricardo Sodre & Tabbi Wilberforce & Gianmichelle Pignatelli & Michele Dassisti & Ahmad Baroutaji & Abdul Ghani Olabi, 2020. "Technical and Commercial Challenges of Proton-Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-21, December.
    9. Mohammad Reza, Alizadeh Pahlavani & Ali, Mohammadpour Hossine, 2010. "An optimized SVPWM switching strategy for three-level NPC VSI and a novel switching strategy for three-level two-quadrant chopper to stabilize the voltage of capacitors," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(12), pages 4917-4931.
    10. Wasselynck, Guillaume & Auvity, Bruno & Olivier, Jean-Christophe & Trichet, Didier & Josset, Christophe & Maindru, Philippe, 2012. "Design and testing of a fuel cell powertrain with energy constraints," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 414-424.
    11. Sharaf, Omar Z. & Orhan, Mehmet F., 2014. "An overview of fuel cell technology: Fundamentals and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 810-853.
    12. Dennis Dreier & Semida Silveira & Dilip Khatiwada & Keiko V. O. Fonseca & Rafael Nieweglowski & Renan Schepanski, 2019. "The influence of passenger load, driving cycle, fuel price and different types of buses on the cost of transport service in the BRT system in Curitiba, Brazil," Transportation, Springer, vol. 46(6), pages 2195-2242, December.
    13. Mohammad Reza, Alizadeh Pahlavani & Hossine Ali, Mohammadpour & Abbas, Shoulaie, 2010. "Voltage stabilization of VSI SMES capacitors and voltage sag compensation by SMES using novel switching strategies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(8), pages 3131-3142.
    14. Lindfeldt, Erik G. & Saxe, Maria & Magnusson, Mimmi & Mohseni, Farzad, 2010. "Strategies for a road transport system based on renewable resources - The case of an import-independent Sweden in 2025," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(6), pages 1836-1845, June.

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