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Blockchain-based balance settlement ledger for energy communities in open electricity markets

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  • Nykyri, Mikko
  • Kärkkäinen, Tommi J.
  • Levikari, Saku
  • Honkapuro, Samuli
  • Annala, Salla
  • Silventoinen, Pertti

Abstract

Sharing local co-owned photovoltaic (PV) energy in multifamily residential buildings is inefficient. Energy produced and consumed within the same building may be considered purchased energy, of which the customer must pay the purchase price, the network service fee, and taxes. As PV typically does not allow self-sufficiency in the Nordic countries, a distribution system operator is needed to provide the grid connection. Earlier solutions to this problem are focused on energy communities where an energy aggregator is responsible for the energy balance settlement. However, this does not allow the energy community members to remain in the open electricity market. This paper introduces a blockchain-based balance settlement ledger and a set of rules for energy sharing in energy communities where members participate in the open electricity market while supplied with local low-cost PV energy. This, to the authors’ knowledge, has not been previously implemented. The blockchain mitigates the need for any central entity for balance settlement and ensures fair sharing of PV energy. The existing smart meters can be used so no investments are required. The system performance is tested with simulations which show potential for increase in profitability. The self-sufficiency rate increases in our test scenario from 4.03% to 9.61%.

Suggested Citation

  • Nykyri, Mikko & Kärkkäinen, Tommi J. & Levikari, Saku & Honkapuro, Samuli & Annala, Salla & Silventoinen, Pertti, 2022. "Blockchain-based balance settlement ledger for energy communities in open electricity markets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:253:y:2022:i:c:s0360544222010830
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.124180
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Aruta, Giuseppe & Ascione, Fabrizio & Bianco, Nicola & Mauro, Gerardo Maria, 2023. "Sustainability and energy communities: Assessing the potential of building energy retrofit and renewables to lead the local energy transition," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
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    4. Myriam Caratù & Valerio Brescia & Ilaria Pigliautile & Paolo Biancone, 2023. "Assessing Energy Communities’ Awareness on Social Media with a Content and Sentiment Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-28, April.
    5. Tostado-Véliz, Marcos & Jordehi, Ahmad Rezaee & Mansouri, Seyed Amir & Jurado, Francisco, 2023. "A two-stage IGDT-stochastic model for optimal scheduling of energy communities with intelligent parking lots," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PD).
    6. Nima Narjabadifam & Javanshir Fouladvand & Mustafa Gül, 2023. "Critical Review on Community-Shared Solar—Advantages, Challenges, and Future Directions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-25, April.

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