IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v243y2022ics0360544221029753.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

How do remittances affect environmental sustainability in Pakistan? Evidence from NARDL approach

Author

Listed:
  • Ahmad, Waheed
  • Ozturk, Ilhan
  • Majeed, Muhammad Tariq

Abstract

The inflow of remittances shows a significant impact on contributing to the output growth of the economy; it has a multidimensional impact on output growth and also a linkage with carbon dioxide emissions (CO2e). The present study examines the symmetric or asymmetric impact of remittances on CO2e for the period of 1980–2018 in the context of Pakistan. The Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) and nonlinear ARDL estimation techniques have been used to depict the long run symmetric or asymmetric nexus in the short and long run between remittances (REM) and CO2e. The nonlinear ARDL finding suggests that positive shock of remittances contributes to pollution emissions while the negative shock of remittances mitigates the pollution both in the short and long run. Besides, the empirical results indicate that the positive shock of REM has a higher impact in comparison with the negative shock of REM. The finding recommends that policymakers in Pakistan may consider REM as policy instruments specially to make policies and strategies which are related to sustainable environmental performance in the long run.

Suggested Citation

  • Ahmad, Waheed & Ozturk, Ilhan & Majeed, Muhammad Tariq, 2022. "How do remittances affect environmental sustainability in Pakistan? Evidence from NARDL approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:243:y:2022:i:c:s0360544221029753
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.122726
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544221029753
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122726?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Paresh Kumar Narayan & Seema Narayan & Sagarika Mishra, 2011. "Do Remittances Induce Inflation? Fresh Evidence from Developing Countries," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 77(4), pages 914-933, April.
    2. Raju Jan Singh & Markus Haacker & Kyung-woo Lee & Maëlan Le Goff, 2011. "Determinants and Macroeconomic Impact of Remittances in Sub-Saharan Africa," Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies, vol. 20(2), pages 312-340, March.
    3. Apergis, Nicholas & Payne, James E., 2010. "The emissions, energy consumption, and growth nexus: Evidence from the commonwealth of independent states," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 650-655, January.
    4. Nasreen, Samia & Anwar, Sofia & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2017. "Financial stability, energy consumption and environmental quality: Evidence from South Asian economies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 1105-1122.
    5. Abdulnasser Hatemi-J, 2012. "Asymmetric causality tests with an application," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 43(1), pages 447-456, August.
    6. Mensi, Walid & Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2017. "Modeling systemic risk and dependence structure between oil and stock markets using a variational mode decomposition-based copula method," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 258-279.
    7. Emmanuel K. K. Lartey & Federico S. Mandelman & Pablo A. Acosta, 2012. "Remittances, Exchange Rate Regimes and the Dutch Disease: A Panel Data Analysis," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 20(2), pages 377-395, May.
    8. Lægreid, Ole Martin & Povitkina, Marina, 2018. "Do Political Institutions Moderate the GDP-CO2 Relationship?," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 441-450.
    9. Brown, Leanora & McFarlane, Adian & Campbell, Kaycea & Das, Anupam, 2020. "Remittances and CO2 emissions in Jamaica: An asymmetric modified environmental kuznets curve," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, vol. 22(C).
    10. Yang, Hao-Yen, 2000. "A note on the causal relationship between energy and GDP in Taiwan," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 22(3), pages 309-317, June.
    11. Rauf, Abdul & Zhang, Jin & Li, Jinkai & Amin, Waqas, 2018. "Structural changes, energy consumption and carbon emissions in China: Empirical evidence from ARDL bound testing model," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 194-206.
    12. Paresh Kumar Narayan, 2005. "The saving and investment nexus for China: evidence from cointegration tests," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(17), pages 1979-1990.
    13. Michael T. Gapen & Mr. Ralph Chami & Mr. Peter J Montiel & Mr. Adolfo Barajas & Connel Fullenkamp, 2009. "Do Workers’ Remittances Promote Economic Growth?," IMF Working Papers 2009/153, International Monetary Fund.
    14. Hansa Jain, 2017. "Trade Liberalisation, Economic Growth and Environmental Externalities," Springer Books, Springer, number 978-981-10-2887-8, January.
    15. Jamal Bouoiyour & Refk Selmi & Amal Miftah, 2019. "The relationship between remittances and macroeconomic variables in times of political and social upheaval: Evidence from Tunisia's Arab Spring," Economics of Transition and Institutional Change, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 27(2), pages 355-394, February.
    16. Boutabba, Mohamed Amine, 2014. "The impact of financial development, income, energy and trade on carbon emissions: Evidence from the Indian economy," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 33-41.
    17. Tang, Chor Foon & Tan, Bee Wah & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2016. "Energy consumption and economic growth in Vietnam," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 1506-1514.
    18. Gorus, Muhammed Sehid & Aslan, Murat, 2019. "Impacts of economic indicators on environmental degradation: Evidence from MENA countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 259-268.
    19. Raza, Syed Ali & Shah, Nida & Sharif, Arshian, 2019. "Time frequency relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and environmental degradation in the United States: Evidence from transportation sector," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 706-720.
    20. Behera, Smruti Ranjan & Dash, Devi Prasad, 2017. "The effect of urbanization, energy consumption, and foreign direct investment on the carbon dioxide emission in the SSEA (South and Southeast Asian) region," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 96-106.
    21. Anindya Banerjee & Juan Dolado & Ricardo Mestre, 1998. "Error‐correction Mechanism Tests for Cointegration in a Single‐equation Framework," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 19(3), pages 267-283, May.
    22. Sung, Bongsuk & Song, Woo-Yong & Park, Sang-Do, 2018. "How foreign direct investment affects CO2 emission levels in the Chinese manufacturing industry: Evidence from panel data," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 42(2), pages 320-331.
    23. Jiajia Zheng & Pengfei Sheng, 2017. "The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the Environment: Market Perspectives and Evidence from China," Economies, MDPI, vol. 5(1), pages 1-15, March.
    24. Valadkhani, Abbas & Smyth, Russell & Nguyen, Jeremy, 2019. "Effects of primary energy consumption on CO2 emissions under optimal thresholds: Evidence from sixty countries over the last half century," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 680-690.
    25. Miguel D. Ramirez & Hari Sharma, 2009. "Remittances and Growth in Latin America: A Panel Unit Root and Panel Cointegration Analysis," Estudios Economicos de Desarrollo Internacional, Euro-American Association of Economic Development, vol. 9(1).
    26. Anwar Khan & Jamal Hussain & Sadia Bano & Yang Chenggang, 2020. "The repercussions of foreign direct investment, renewable energy and health expenditure on environmental decay? An econometric analysis of B&RI countries," Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 63(11), pages 1965-1986, September.
    27. Joseph Dery Nyeadi & Nuhu Yidana & Mohammed Imoro, 2014. "Remittances and Economic Growth Nexus: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria, Senegal and Togo," International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, Human Resource Management Academic Research Society, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, vol. 4(10), pages 158-172, October.
    28. Mohamed Amine Boutabba, 2014. "The impact of financial development, income, energy and trade on carbon emissions: Evidence from the Indian economy," Post-Print hal-02877966, HAL.
    29. Majeed, Muhammad Tariq, 2015. "Distributional Consequences of Remittances: Evidence from Sixty-Five Developing Countries," MPRA Paper 88673, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2016.
    30. Shair, Waqas & Tariq Majeed, Muhammad & Ali, Amjad, 2021. "Labour Participation Decision and Preferences towards Different Employment Status in Response to Remittances: Evidence from the Provincial Capital of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhawa (KPK), Pakistan," MPRA Paper 106330, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    31. Solarin, Sakiru Adebola & Al-Mulali, Usama & Musah, Ibrahim & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2017. "Investigating the pollution haven hypothesis in Ghana: An empirical investigation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 706-719.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Huang, Lilong & Dong, Dongdong & Dong, Xueqin, 2023. "Natural resources extraction, financial expansion and remittances: South Asian economies perspective of sustainable development," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    2. Qin Meng & Jing-Wen Zhang & Yunxu Wang & Hsu-Ling Chang & Chi-Wei Su, 2023. "Green Household Technology and Its Impacts on Environmental Sustainability in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-13, August.
    3. Sumaira & mir Sajjad & Hafiz Muhammad Abubakar Siddique, 2022. "Remittances, Financial Development, and Environment Quality: Evidence from South Asia," Journal of Policy Research (JPR), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 8(3), pages 113-121, December.
    4. Arvian Triantoro & Muhammad Zaheer Akhtar & Shiraz Khan & Khalid Zaman & Haroon ur Rashid Khan & Abdul Wahab Pathath & Muhamad Amar Mahmad & Kamil Sertoglu, 2023. "Riding the Waves of Fluctuating Oil Prices: Decoding the Impact on Economic Growth," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(2), pages 34-50, March.
    5. Li, Xuelin & Yang, Lin, 2023. "Natural resources, remittances and carbon emissions: A Dutch Disease perspective with remittances for South Asia," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PB).
    6. Xie, Pinjie & Gong, Ningyu & Sun, Feihu & Li, Pin & Pan, Xianyou, 2023. "What factors contribute to the extent of decoupling economic growth and energy carbon emissions in China?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    7. Kai, Zhang & Sharaf, Mohamed & Wei, Siao-Yun & Shraah, Ata Al & Le, Luan Thanh & Arvind Bedekar, Dr Abhay & Bani Ahmad, Ahmad Y.A., 2024. "Exploring the asymmetric relationship between natural resources, fintech, remittance and environmental pollution for BRICS nations: New insights from MMQR approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    8. Zhang, Lu & Zhao, Huawei, 2024. "Sustainable development mechanism: The role of natural resources, remittance and policy uncertainty," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    9. Piana Monsur Mindia & Md Qamruzzaman & Nusrat Farzana, 2024. "Exploring the Impact of Good Governance and Innovation on Export Earnings, Clean Energy, Remittances, and Zero Carbon Emissions in Sub-Saharan African Countries," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(4), pages 265-284, July.
    10. Nketiah, Emmanuel & Song, Huaming & Adjei, Mavis & Obuobi, Bright & Adu-Gyamfi, Gibbson, 2024. "Assessing the influence of research and development, environmental policies, and green technology on ecological footprint for achieving environmental sustainability," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Muhammad Qayyum & Minhaj Ali & Mir Muhammad Nizamani & Shijie Li & Yuyuan Yu & Atif Jahanger, 2021. "Nexus between Financial Development, Renewable Energy Consumption, Technological Innovations and CO 2 Emissions: The Case of India," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-19, July.
    2. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Hoang, Thi Hong Van & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Roubaud, David, 2017. "Energy consumption, financial development and economic growth in India: New evidence from a nonlinear and asymmetric analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 199-212.
    3. Acheampong, Alex O., 2019. "Modelling for insight: Does financial development improve environmental quality?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 156-179.
    4. Karaaslan, Abdulkerim & Çamkaya, Serhat, 2022. "The relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, health expenditure, and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption: Empirical evidence from Turkey," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 457-466.
    5. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Haouas, Ilham & Hoang, Thi Hong Van, 2019. "Economic growth and environmental degradation in Vietnam: Is the environmental Kuznets curve a complete picture?," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 197-218.
    6. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Nasir, Muhammad Ali & Roubaud, David, 2018. "Environmental degradation in France: The effects of FDI, financial development, and energy innovations," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 843-857.
    7. Muhammad Shahbaz & Avik Sinha, 2019. "Environmental Kuznets curve for CO2emissions: a literature survey," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 46(1), pages 106-168, January.
    8. Alex O. Acheampong, 2022. "The impact of de facto globalization on carbon emissions: Evidence from Ghana," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 170, pages 156-173.
    9. Destek, Mehmet Akif & Sohag, Kazi & Aydın, Sercan & Destek, Gamze, 2022. "Foreign direct investment, stock market capitalization and sustainable development: Relative impacts of domestic and foreign capital," MPRA Paper 117551, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Muhammad Shahbaz & Mehmet Akif Destek & Michael L. Polemis, 2018. "Do Foreign Capital and Financial Development Affect Clean Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions? Evidence from BRICS and Next-11 Countries," SPOUDAI Journal of Economics and Business, SPOUDAI Journal of Economics and Business, University of Piraeus, vol. 68(4), pages 20-50, October-D.
    11. Hussain Ali Bekhet & Nor Hamisham Harun, 2017. "Elasticity and Causality among Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy and Its Determinants in Malaysia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 7(2), pages 202-216.
    12. Muhammad Saeed & Zulqarnain Haider, 2021. "Does Financial Development Advanced Environmental Quality in Thailand: Evidenced from ARDL," iRASD Journal of Energy and Environment, International Research Association for Sustainable Development (iRASD), vol. 2(2), pages 90-101, December.
    13. Assad Ullah & Xinshun Zhao & Muhammad Abdul Kamal & Jiajia Zheng, 2022. "Environmental regulations and inward FDI in China: Fresh evidence from the asymmetric autoregressive distributed lag approach," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(1), pages 1340-1356, January.
    14. Muhammad Qayyum & Yuyuan Yu & Mir Muhammad Nizamani & Saqlain Raza & Minhaj Ali & Shijie Li, 2023. "Financial Instability and CO2 Emissions in India: Evidence from ARDL Bound Testing Approach," Energy & Environment, , vol. 34(4), pages 808-829, June.
    15. Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Villanthenkodath, Muhammed Ashiq & Mallick, Hrushikesh & Gupta, Monika, 2021. "Assessing the effectiveness of total foreign aid and foreign energy aid inflows on environmental quality in India," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    16. Ulucak, Zübeyde Şentürk & İlkay, Salih Çağrı & Özcan, Burcu & Gedikli, Ayfer, 2020. "Financial globalization and environmental degradation nexus: Evidence from emerging economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    17. Ahmad, Najid & Youjin, Liu & Žiković, Saša & Belyaeva, Zhanna, 2023. "The effects of technological innovation on sustainable development and environmental degradation: Evidence from China," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    18. Bekhet, Hussain Ali & Latif, Nurul Wahilah Abdul, 2018. "The impact of technological innovation and governance institution quality on Malaysia's sustainable growth: Evidence from a dynamic relationship," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 27-40.
    19. Snovia Naseem & Tong Guang Ji & Umair Kashif & Muhammad Zulqarnain Arshad, 2021. "Causal analysis of the dynamic link between energy growth and environmental quality for agriculture sector: a piece of evidence from India," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(5), pages 7913-7930, May.
    20. Acheampong, Alex O. & Amponsah, Mary & Boateng, Elliot, 2020. "Does financial development mitigate carbon emissions? Evidence from heterogeneous financial economies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:243:y:2022:i:c:s0360544221029753. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.