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Life cycle costing of diesel, natural gas, hybrid and hydrogen fuel cell bus systems: An Australian case study

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  • Ally, Jamie
  • Pryor, Trevor

Abstract

The transit authority in Perth, Western Australia, has put several alternative fuel buses, including diesel-electric hybrid and hydrogen fuel cell buses, into revenue service over the years alongside conventional diesel and natural gas buses. Primary data from this fleet is used to construct a Life Cycle Cost (LCC) model, providing an empirical LCC result. The model is then used to forecast possible scenarios using cost estimates for next generation technologies. The methodology follows the Australian/New Zealand Standard for Life Cycle Costing, AS/NZS 4536:1999. The model outputs a dollar value in real terms that represents the LCC of each bus transportation technology. The study finds that Diesel buses deliver the lowest Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). The diesel-electric hybrid bus was found to have a TCO that is about 10% higher than conventional diesel. The premium to implement and operate a hydrogen bus, even if industry targets are attained, is still substantially greater than the TCO of a conventional diesel bus, unless a very large increase in the diesel fuel price occurs. However, the hybrid and hydrogen technologies are still very young in comparison to diesel and economies of scale are yet to be realised.

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  • Ally, Jamie & Pryor, Trevor, 2016. "Life cycle costing of diesel, natural gas, hybrid and hydrogen fuel cell bus systems: An Australian case study," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 285-294.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:enepol:v:94:y:2016:i:c:p:285-294
    DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2016.03.039
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    10. Rillo, E. & Gandiglio, M. & Lanzini, A. & Bobba, S. & Santarelli, M. & Blengini, G., 2017. "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of biogas-fed Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) plant," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 585-602.
    11. Hensher, David A., 2021. "The case for negotiated contracts under the transition to a green bus fleet," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 255-269.
    12. Harris, Andrew & Soban, Danielle & Smyth, Beatrice M. & Best, Robert, 2018. "Assessing life cycle impacts and the risk and uncertainty of alternative bus technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 569-579.
    13. Harris, Andrew & Soban, Danielle & Smyth, Beatrice M. & Best, Robert, 2020. "A probabilistic fleet analysis for energy consumption, life cycle cost and greenhouse gas emissions modelling of bus technologies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    14. Halder, Pobitra & Babaie, Meisam & Salek, Farhad & Shah, Kalpit & Stevanovic, Svetlana & Bodisco, Timothy A. & Zare, Ali, 2024. "Performance, emissions and economic analyses of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    15. Jiaming Zhou & Chunxiao Feng & Qingqing Su & Shangfeng Jiang & Zhixian Fan & Jiageng Ruan & Shikai Sun & Leli Hu, 2022. "The Multi-Objective Optimization of Powertrain Design and Energy Management Strategy for Fuel Cell–Battery Electric Vehicle," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-19, May.
    16. Rupp, Matthias & Handschuh, Nils & Rieke, Christian & Kuperjans, Isabel, 2019. "Contribution of country-specific electricity mix and charging time to environmental impact of battery electric vehicles: A case study of electric buses in Germany," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C), pages 618-634.
    17. Giagnorio, Mirko & Börjesson, Maria & D'Alfonso, Tiziana, 2024. "Introducing electric buses in urban areas: Effects on welfare, pricing, frequency, and public subsidies," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    18. Zhang, Gang & Zhou, Su & Gao, Jianhua & Fan, Lei & Lu, Yanda, 2023. "Stacks multi-objective allocation optimization for multi-stack fuel cell systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 331(C).
    19. Martin Khzouz & Evangelos I. Gkanas & Jia Shao & Farooq Sher & Dmytro Beherskyi & Ahmad El-Kharouf & Mansour Al Qubeissi, 2020. "Life Cycle Costing Analysis: Tools and Applications for Determining Hydrogen Production Cost for Fuel Cell Vehicle Technology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-19, July.
    20. Li, Yanfei & Kimura, Shigeru, 2021. "Economic competitiveness and environmental implications of hydrogen energy and fuel cell electric vehicles in ASEAN countries: The current and future scenarios," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 148(PB).
    21. Penny Atkins & Gareth Milton & Andrew Atkins & Robert Morgan, 2021. "A Local Ecosystem Assessment of the Potential for Net Negative Heavy-Duty Truck Greenhouse Gas Emissions through Biomethane Upcycling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-22, February.
    22. Klaus Kivekäs & Antti Lajunen & Jari Vepsäläinen & Kari Tammi, 2018. "City Bus Powertrain Comparison: Driving Cycle Variation and Passenger Load Sensitivity Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-26, July.
    23. Yeongmin Kwon & Suji Kim & Hyungjoo Kim & Jihye Byun, 2020. "What Attributes Do Passengers Value in Electrified Buses?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-14, May.
    24. Say, Kelvin & Csereklyei, Zsuzsanna & Brown, Felix Gabriel & Wang, Changlong, 2023. "The economics of public transport electrification: A case study from Victoria, Australia," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).

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