IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eneeco/v134y2024ics0140988324003037.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

From aid to resilience: Assessing the impact of climate finance on energy vulnerability in developing countries

Author

Listed:
  • Njangang, Henri
  • Padhan, Hemachandra
  • Tiwari, Aviral Kumar

Abstract

Climate change is a major threat, and tackling it requires massive investment in sustainable practices and technologies. This paper explores the impact of the Global Climate Finance Fund (CF), including the Adaptation Finance Fund (AF) and Mitigation Finance Fund (MF), on energy vulnerability from 2000 to 2019 in a panel of 74 developing countries. Estimation using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method showed that the CF significantly reduces energy vulnerability in developing countries. Furthermore, these results show that the MF has a greater reduction effect on energy vulnerability than the AF. To deal with the omitted variables bias and reverse causality, we applied the Oster (2019) stability test, and the Instrumental Variable Generalized Method of Moments (IV-GMM). The results confirm previous findings that climate finance reduces energy vulnerability, with mitigation finance having a larger effect. These results remained robust to the introduction of additional controls, to the exclusion of outliers, and to the use of alternative climate finance measures. Instrumenting climate finance by the share of important votes at the UN General Assembly and using three different instrumental estimation techniques, such as the Instrumental Variable Two-Stage Least Squares (IV-2SLS), Lewbel (2012), and Kiviet (2020), does not change our results. Finally, an asymmetry analysis through the application of the Canay (2011) quantile regression demonstrated that climate finance reduces energy vulnerability only for countries with a medium and high level of energy vulnerability. Based on these results, policy recommendations have been formulated.

Suggested Citation

  • Njangang, Henri & Padhan, Hemachandra & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2024. "From aid to resilience: Assessing the impact of climate finance on energy vulnerability in developing countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:134:y:2024:i:c:s0140988324003037
    DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107595
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988324003037
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107595?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Dutta, Nabamita & Williamson, Claudia R., 2016. "Can foreign aid free the press?," Journal of Institutional Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 12(3), pages 603-621, September.
    2. Jonathan Pickering & Carola Betzold & Jakob Skovgaard, 2017. "Special issue: managing fragmentation and complexity in the emerging system of international climate finance," International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 17(1), pages 1-16, February.
    3. Joseph G. Altonji & Todd E. Elder & Christopher R. Taber, 2005. "Selection on Observed and Unobserved Variables: Assessing the Effectiveness of Catholic Schools," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 113(1), pages 151-184, February.
    4. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Lean, Hooi Hooi, 2012. "Does financial development increase energy consumption? The role of industrialization and urbanization in Tunisia," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 473-479.
    5. Emily Oster, 2019. "Unobservable Selection and Coefficient Stability: Theory and Evidence," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(2), pages 187-204, April.
    6. Ivan A. Canay, 2011. "A simple approach to quantile regression for panel data," Econometrics Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 14(3), pages 368-386, October.
    7. Zhao, Jinsong & Zhou, Boxu & Li, Xinrui, 2022. "Do good intentions bring bad results? Climate finance and economic risks," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 48(C).
    8. Genave, Anna & Blancard, Stéphane & Garabedian, Sabine, 2020. "An assessment of energy vulnerability in Small Island Developing States," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
    9. Alfonso Carfora & Monica Ronghi & Giuseppe Scandurra, 2017. "The effect of Climate Finance on Greenhouse Gas Emission: A Quantile Regression Approach," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 7(1), pages 185-199.
    10. Fang, Ming & Njangang, Henri & Padhan, Hemachandra & Simo, Colette & Yan, Cheng, 2023. "Social media and energy justice: A global evidence," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    11. David Roodman, 2009. "A Note on the Theme of Too Many Instruments," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 71(1), pages 135-158, February.
    12. Kiviet, Jan F., 2020. "Testing the impossible: Identifying exclusion restrictions," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 218(2), pages 294-316.
    13. Arif, Imran, 2021. "Productive knowledge, economic sophistication, and labor share," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    14. Tol, Richard S.J., 2017. "The structure of the climate debate," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 431-438.
    15. Stone, Randall W., 2004. "The Political Economy of IMF Lending in Africa," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 98(4), pages 577-591, November.
    16. Peter E. Rossi, 2014. "Invited Paper —Even the Rich Can Make Themselves Poor: A Critical Examination of IV Methods in Marketing Applications," Marketing Science, INFORMS, vol. 33(5), pages 655-672, September.
    17. Ren, Xiaohang & Tong, Ziwei & Sun, Xianming & Yan, Cheng, 2022. "Dynamic impacts of energy consumption on economic growth in China: Evidence from a non-parametric panel data model," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 107(C).
    18. Axel Dreher & Jan-Egbert Sturm, 2012. "Do the IMF and the World Bank influence voting in the UN General Assembly?," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 151(1), pages 363-397, April.
    19. Trinh, Hai Hong & Sharma, Gagan Deep & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Vo, Diem Thi Hong, 2022. "Examining the heterogeneity of financial development in the energy-environment nexus in the era of climate change: Novel evidence around the world," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
    20. Liu, Yang & Dong, Kangyin & Jiang, Qingzhe, 2023. "Assessing energy vulnerability and its impact on carbon emissions: A global case," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    21. Arthur Lewbel, 2012. "Using Heteroscedasticity to Identify and Estimate Mismeasured and Endogenous Regressor Models," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(1), pages 67-80.
    22. Gnansounou, Edgard, 2008. "Assessing the energy vulnerability: Case of industrialised countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(10), pages 3734-3744, October.
    23. Rishikesh Ram Bhandary & Kelly Sims Gallagher & Fang Zhang, 2021. "Climate finance policy in practice: a review of the evidence," Climate Policy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(4), pages 529-545, April.
    24. Acheampong, Alex O. & Opoku, Eric Evans Osei & Dzator, Janet & Kufuor, Nana Kwabena, 2022. "Enhancing human development in developing regions: Do ICT and transport infrastructure matter?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
    25. Lee, Chi-Chuan & Li, Xinrui & Yu, Chin-Hsien & Zhao, Jinsong, 2022. "The contribution of climate finance toward environmental sustainability: New global evidence," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
    26. Carola Betzold & Florian Weiler, 2017. "Allocation of aid for adaptation to climate change: Do vulnerable countries receive more support?," International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 17(1), pages 17-36, February.
    27. Moteng, Ghislain & Raghutla, Chandrashekar & Njangang, Henri & Nembot, Luc Ndeffo, 2023. "International sanctions and energy poverty in target developing countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C).
    28. Gupta, Eshita, 2008. "Oil vulnerability index of oil-importing countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(3), pages 1195-1211, March.
    29. Carfora, Alfonso & Scandurra, Giuseppe, 2019. "The impact of climate funds on economic growth and their role in substituting fossil energy sources," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 182-192.
    30. Schaeffer, Roberto & Szklo, Alexandre Salem & Pereira de Lucena, André Frossard & Moreira Cesar Borba, Bruno Soares & Pupo Nogueira, Larissa Pinheiro & Fleming, Fernanda Pereira & Troccoli, Alberto & , 2012. "Energy sector vulnerability to climate change: A review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 1-12.
    31. Ghislain Moteng & Henri Njangang & Youssouf Nvuh-Njoya & Luc Ndeffo Nembot, 2023. "International Sanctions and Economic Complexity in developing Countries," Revue d'économie politique, Dalloz, vol. 133(3), pages 409-452.
    32. Tadadjeu, Sosson & Njangang, Henri & Woldemichael, Andinet, 2023. "Are resource-rich countries less responsive to global warming? Oil wealth and climate change policy," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    33. Aluko, Olufemi Adewale & Opoku, Eric Evans Osei & Ibrahim, Muazu & Kufuor, Nana Kwabena, 2023. "Put on the light! Foreign direct investment, governance and access to electricity," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Tékam Oumbé, Honoré & Djeunankan, Ronald & Kos A Mougnol, Alice, 2024. "Analysing the effect of foreign aid on industrialization: Evidence from Africa," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).
    2. Liu, Yang & Dong, Kangyin & Jiang, Qingzhe, 2023. "Assessing energy vulnerability and its impact on carbon emissions: A global case," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    3. Lee, Chi-Chuan & Li, Xinrui & Yu, Chin-Hsien & Zhao, Jinsong, 2022. "The contribution of climate finance toward environmental sustainability: New global evidence," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
    4. Dong, Kangyin & Jiang, Qingzhe & Liu, Yang & Shen, Zhiyang & Vardanyan, Michael, 2024. "Is energy aid allocated fairly? A global energy vulnerability perspective," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    5. Zhao, Jinsong & Zhou, Boxu & Li, Xinrui, 2022. "Do good intentions bring bad results? Climate finance and economic risks," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 48(C).
    6. Moteng, Ghislain & Raghutla, Chandrashekar & Njangang, Henri & Nembot, Luc Ndeffo, 2023. "International sanctions and energy poverty in target developing countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C).
    7. Dong, Kangyin & Liu, Yang & Wang, Jianda & Dong, Xiucheng, 2024. "Is the digital economy an effective tool for decreasing energy vulnerability? A global case," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    8. Carfora, Alfonso & Scandurra, Giuseppe, 2019. "The impact of climate funds on economic growth and their role in substituting fossil energy sources," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 182-192.
    9. Brice Kamguia & Joseph Keneck‐Massil & Henri Njangang & Sosson Tadadjeu, 2024. "Sophistication gap between countries: The effect of research and development expenditure," Economics of Transition and Institutional Change, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 32(3), pages 739-778, July.
    10. Renato Passaro & Ivana Quinto & Giuseppe Scandurra & Antonio Thomas, 2020. "How Do Energy Use and Climate Change Affect Fast-Start Finance? A Cross-Country Empirical Investigation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-23, November.
    11. Liu, Li & Sheng, Jichuan, 2024. "Energy quota trading and energy vulnerability: China's energy quota trading pilot," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
    12. Awaworyi Churchill, Sefa & Asante, Augustine, 2023. "Neighbourhood crime and obesity: Longitudinal evidence from Australia," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 337(C).
    13. Alloush, Mo & Bloem, Jeffrey R., 2022. "Neighborhood violence, poverty, and psychological well-being," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    14. Lan-Cui Liu & Gang Wu, 2015. "Assessment of energy supply vulnerability between China and USA," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 75(2), pages 127-138, February.
    15. Bukari, Chei & Broermann, Shanaz & Okai, Davidson, 2021. "Energy poverty and health expenditure: Evidence from Ghana," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    16. Lingling Zhou & Tao Shi & Qian Zhou, 2023. "Is ICT Development Conducive to Reducing the Vulnerability of Low-Carbon Energy? Evidence from OECD Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-22, January.
    17. Fry, Jane M. & Farrell, Lisa & Temple, Jeromey B., 2022. "Energy poverty and retirement income sources in Australia," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 106(C).
    18. Wang, Haining & Zhu, Rong, 2021. "Social spillovers of China’s left-behind children in the classroom," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    19. Amorim, Guilherme & Lima, Rafael Costa & Sampaio, Breno, 2022. "Broadband internet and protests: Evidence from the Occupy movement," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    20. Davillas, Apostolos & Burlinson, Andrew & Liu, Hui-Hsuan, 2022. "Getting warmer: Fuel poverty, objective and subjective health and well-being," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 106(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Climate change; Climate finance; Energy vulnerability; Developing countries; Panel data;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C36 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
    • F35 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - Foreign Aid
    • Q48 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Government Policy

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:134:y:2024:i:c:s0140988324003037. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/eneco .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.