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Female participation in parliament. Are we ever going to converge to Scandinavia?

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  • Bravo-Ortega, Claudio
  • Eterovic, Nicolas
  • Paredes, Valentina

Abstract

Despite the fact that female political participation has been steadily growing over time, women’s representation in politics is substantially lower than their proportion in society. In this paper, we investigate the determinants of women’s representation using a GMM system estimation to address the possible endogeneity. We employ a unique dataset that covers data for 130 countries from 1972 to 2005 in 7 different geographical regions to estimate a dynamic model for women’s representation and calculate each region’s steady state. In general, we find that the steady state values are above each region’s current percentage of women in parliament; however, without changing other variables, no region significantly increases the percentage of women in parliament. Moreover, we find that 66–87% of the gap between each region’s steady state with Scandinavia is explained by female secondary education enrollment, labor force participation, and political and economic rights.

Suggested Citation

  • Bravo-Ortega, Claudio & Eterovic, Nicolas & Paredes, Valentina, 2020. "Female participation in parliament. Are we ever going to converge to Scandinavia?," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 44(2).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecosys:v:44:y:2020:i:2:s0939362518303613
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ecosys.2020.100759
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    5. Raghabendra Chattopadhyay & Esther Duflo, 2004. "Women as Policy Makers: Evidence from a Randomized Policy Experiment in India," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 72(5), pages 1409-1443, September.
    6. David Roodman, 2006. "How to Do xtabond2," North American Stata Users' Group Meetings 2006 8, Stata Users Group.
    7. Dollar, David & Fisman, Raymond & Gatti, Roberta, 2001. "Are women really the "fairer" sex? Corruption and women in government," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 46(4), pages 423-429, December.
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