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China-USA Trade: Indicators for Equitable and Environmentally Balanced Resource Exchange

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  • Geng, Yong
  • Tian, Xu
  • Sarkis, Joseph
  • Ulgiati, Sergio

Abstract

Trade needs to be evaluated by more comprehensive indicators that complement market-based economic value. The Emergy Accounting (EMA) method proved to be a valuable tool to help address trade complexity by means of environmental quality-oriented indicators. EMA is used in this paper to evaluate the environmental and resource flows involved in China-United States (USA) trade in the years 1993, 2000 and 2008. Results show that China emergy exports (i.e. exports of raw and less processed resources) exceed the imports from USA. Although the money received by China from exports is higher than the money paid for imports, the real imbalance relies in the huge amount of resources that outflow from China, hardly compensated by the value of imports in terms of support to Chinese economy. The conclusion is that trade accounting methods should include holistic valuations beyond the financial costs of traded goods. Policy implications of these results are discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Geng, Yong & Tian, Xu & Sarkis, Joseph & Ulgiati, Sergio, 2017. "China-USA Trade: Indicators for Equitable and Environmentally Balanced Resource Exchange," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 245-254.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecolec:v:132:y:2017:i:c:p:245-254
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.11.008
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Tian, Xu & Sarkis, Joseph, 2020. "Expanding green supply chain performance measurement through emergy accounting and analysis," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 225(C).
    3. Yutong Tian & Shulian Xue & Chunhui Li & Hongli Liang & Jiansu Mao, 2019. "Sustainable Developmental Evaluation of Foreign Trade Based on Emergy Analysis Method in Shenzhen City, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-17, May.
    4. Berrios, Fernando & Campbell, Daniel E. & Ortiz, Marco, 2017. "Emergy evaluation of benthic ecosystems influenced by upwelling in northern Chile: Contributions of the ecosystems to the regional economy," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 359(C), pages 146-164.
    5. Tian, Xu & Geng, Yong & Viglia, Silvio & Bleischwitz, Raimund & Buonocore, Elvira & Ulgiati, Sergio, 2017. "Regional disparities in the Chinese economy. An emergy evaluation of provincial international trade," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 1-11.
    6. Pan, Hengyu & Geng, Yong & Jiang, Ping & Dong, Huijuan & Sun, Lu & Wu, Rui, 2018. "An emergy based sustainability evaluation on a combined landfill and LFG power generation system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 310-322.

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