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In the midst of a ‘perfect storm’: Unpacking the causes and consequences of Ebola-related stigma for children orphaned by Ebola in Sierra Leone

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  • Denis-Ramirez, Elise
  • Sørensen, Katrine Holmegaard
  • Skovdal, Morten

Abstract

The West African Ebola virus epidemic resulted in the deaths of more than 11,000 people and caused significant social disruption. Little is known about how the world's worst Ebola outbreak has affected the thousands of children left orphaned as their parents or caregivers succumbed to the virus. Given the infectious nature of Ebola, and numerous anecdotal accounts of stigmatisation, we set out to examine children's social representations of peers orphaned by Ebola, unpacking the causes and consequences of Ebola-related stigma. The study was conducted in 2015 in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Data was generated through drawings and captions from 24 children living in four different communities in Freetown and interviews with four key informants. The children were first invited to draw a child whose family has been affected by Ebola and subsequently asked to write 3–10 phrases explaining the drawing. The drawings and captions were thematically condensed and key thematic areas were identified. The thematic areas emerging from the drawings were subsequently used to frame the interviews with practitioners. Unsurprisingly, Ebola was represented as a highly stigmatized and feared disease. Children drew and wrote vividly about health campaigns initiated to contain the epidemic, such as the ‘no touch’ policy and quarantine of suspected Ebola cases. Although important, the health campaigns appeared to cement an ‘othering’ of anyone associated with Ebola. Children orphaned by Ebola were depicted as excluded from social interaction due to the association with Ebola. This prevailing fear and stigma of Ebola were described to undermine the willingness of community members to help orphaned children and described to have severe psychological repercussions for children orphaned by Ebola. Many of our findings resonate strongly with the experiences of children orphaned by AIDS, calling for a greater focus on the risk of Ebola-related stigma and further discussion on the transferability and applicability of lessons learned from research on HIV-related stigma.

Suggested Citation

  • Denis-Ramirez, Elise & Sørensen, Katrine Holmegaard & Skovdal, Morten, 2017. "In the midst of a ‘perfect storm’: Unpacking the causes and consequences of Ebola-related stigma for children orphaned by Ebola in Sierra Leone," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 445-453.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:cysrev:v:73:y:2017:i:c:p:445-453
    DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.11.025
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gilmore, Norbert & Somerville, Margaret A., 1994. "Stigmatization, scapegoating and discrimination in sexually transmitted diseases: Overcoming 'them' and 'us'," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 39(9), pages 1339-1358, November.
    2. Winskell, Kate & Hill, Elizabeth & Obyerodhyambo, Oby, 2011. "Comparing HIV-related symbolic stigma in six African countries: Social representations in young people’s narratives," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 73(8), pages 1257-1265.
    3. Campbell, Catherine & Skovdal, Morten & Mupambireyi, Zivai & Gregson, Simon, 2010. "Exploring children's stigmatisation of AIDS-affected children in Zimbabwe through drawings and stories," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 71(5), pages 975-985, September.
    4. Parker, Richard & Aggleton, Peter, 2003. "HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: a conceptual framework and implications for action," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 57(1), pages 13-24, July.
    5. Skovdal, Morten & Campbell, Catherine, 2015. "Beyond education: What role can schools play in the support and protection of children in extreme settings?," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 175-183.
    6. Ruth Evans, 2015. "HIV-related stigma, asset inheritance and chronic poverty: Vulnerability and resilience of widows and caregiving children and youth in Tanzania and Uganda," Progress in Development Studies, , vol. 15(4), pages 326-342, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. Perry, Elizabeth W. & Culbreth, Rachel & Swahn, Monica & Kasirye, Rogers & Self-Brown, Shannon, 2020. "Psychological distress among orphaned youth and youth reporting sexual exploitation in Kampala, Uganda," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).

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