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Cofiring coal and dairy biomass in a 29Â kWt furnace

Author

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  • Lawrence, Ben
  • Annamalai, Kalyan
  • Sweeten, John M.
  • Heflin, Kevin

Abstract

Cofiring biomass with fossil fuels is emerging as a viable option for promoting the use of low quality renewable biomass fuels including energy crops. In the current work, dairy biomass (DB) is evaluated as a cofiring fuel with coal in a small scale 29Â kWt boiler burner facility. Two types of coal (Texas lignite, TXL and Wyoming Powder River Basin coal, WYO) and two forms of partially composted DB fuels were investigated (low ash separated solids LA-PC-SepSol-DB and high ash soil surface HA-PC-SoilSurf-DB). Proximate and ultimate analyses performed on both coals and both DBs reveal the following: higher heating value (HHV) of 28,460-29,590Â kJ/kg for dry ash free (DAF) coals and 21,450Â kJ/kg for DB; nitrogen loading of 0.36 and 0.48Â kg/GJ for WYO and TXL, respectively and 1.50 and 2.67Â kg/GJ for the LA-PC-SepSol-DB and the HA-PC-SoilSurf-DB respectively; sulfur loading of 0.15 and 0.42Â kg/GJ WYO and TXL, respectively and 0.33 and 0.43Â kg/GJ for the LA-PC-SepSol-DB and the HA-PC-SoilSurf-DB respectively; ash loading from 3.10 to 8.02Â kg/GJ for the coals and from 11.57 to 139Â kg/GJ for the DB fuels. The cofiring experiments were performed with 90:10 and 80:20 and 100:00 (mass%) coal:DB blend (96:4, 92:8, 100:00 - % on heat basis). The results revealed that the blend burns more completely in the boiler, due to the earlier release of biomass volatiles and higher amount of volatile matter. Results were obtained for burnt fraction, NOx and CO emission. Pure TXL produced 1505Â ppm of CO at an equivalence ratio of 1.1. An 80:20 blend of TXL:LA-PC-SepSol-DB produced 4084Â ppm of CO at the same equivalence ratio. The NOx emissions for equivalence ratio varying from 0.9 to 1.2 ranged from 0.4 to 0.13Â kg/GJ for pure TXL coal. The corresponding NOx emissions are 0.8-0.10Â kg/GJ for pure WYO coal. For 80:20 TXL:LA-SepS-DB blend they ranged from 0.375 to 0.05Â kg/GJ over the same range. In general, the blends produced less NOx than pure coal under rich conditions even though the DB contained more nitrogen. This result is probably due to the fuel bound nitrogen in dairy biomass is mostly in the form of urea which reduces NOx to N2.

Suggested Citation

  • Lawrence, Ben & Annamalai, Kalyan & Sweeten, John M. & Heflin, Kevin, 2009. "Cofiring coal and dairy biomass in a 29Â kWt furnace," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(11), pages 2359-2372, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:86:y:2009:i:11:p:2359-2372
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Sandberg, Jan & Karlsson, Christer & Fdhila, Rebei Bel, 2011. "A 7Â year long measurement period investigating the correlation of corrosion, deposit and fuel in a biomass fired circulated fluidized bed boiler," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(1), pages 99-110, January.
    2. Yuan, Xinsong & He, Tao & Cao, Hongliang & Yuan, Qiaoxia, 2017. "Cattle manure pyrolysis process: Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis with isoconversional methods," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 489-496.
    3. Pelaez-Samaniego, Manuel Raul & Hummel, Rita L. & Liao, Wei & Ma, Jingwei & Jensen, Jim & Kruger, Chad & Frear, Craig, 2017. "Approaches for adding value to anaerobically digested dairy fiber," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 254-268.
    4. Emmanouil Karampinis & Panagiotis Grammelis & Michalis Agraniotis & Ioannis Violidakis & Emmanuel Kakaras, 2014. "Co-firing of biomass with coal in thermal power plants: technology schemes, impacts, and future perspectives," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 3(4), pages 384-399, July.
    5. Karampinis, E. & Nikolopoulos, N. & Nikolopoulos, A. & Grammelis, P. & Kakaras, E., 2012. "Numerical investigation Greek lignite/cardoon co-firing in a tangentially fired furnace," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 514-524.
    6. Shen, Xiuli & Huang, Guangqun & Yang, Zengling & Han, Lujia, 2015. "Compositional characteristics and energy potential of Chinese animal manure by type and as a whole," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 108-119.
    7. Hyukjin Oh & Kalyan Annamalai & Paul G. Goughner & Ben Thien & John M. Sweeten, 2021. "Reburning of Animal Waste Based Biomass with Coal for NO x Reduction, Part I: Feedlot Biomass (FB) and Coal:FB Blends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-26, December.
    8. Liu, Yingzu & He, Yong & Wang, Zhihua & Xia, Jun & Wan, Kaidi & Whiddon, Ronald & Cen, Kefa, 2018. "Characteristics of alkali species release from a burning coal/biomass blend," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C), pages 523-531.
    9. Bahadori, Alireza & Vuthaluru, Hari B., 2010. "Estimation of potential savings from reducing unburned combustible losses in coal-fired systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(12), pages 3792-3799, December.
    10. Hyukjin Oh & Kalyan Annamalai & John M. Sweeten & Kevin Heflin, 2021. "Reburning of Animal Waste Based Biomass with Coals for NO x Reduction, Part II: Dairy Biomass (DB) and Coal–DB Blends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-24, December.
    11. Restrepo, Álvaro & Bazzo, Edson, 2016. "Co-firing: An exergoenvironmental analysis applied to power plants modified for burning coal and rice straw," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 107-119.
    12. Kuang, Min & Li, Zhengqi & Liu, Chunlong & Zhu, Qunyi, 2013. "Experimental study on combustion and NOx emissions for a down-fired supercritical boiler with multiple-injection multiple-staging technology without overfire air," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 254-261.
    13. Liu, Jin & Wu, Jianguo & Liu, Fengqiao & Han, Xingguo, 2012. "Quantitative assessment of bioenergy from crop stalk resources in Inner Mongolia, China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 305-318.
    14. Verma, Munna & Loha, Chanchal & Sinha, Amar Nath & Chatterjee, Pradip Kumar, 2017. "Drying of biomass for utilising in co-firing with coal and its impact on environment – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 732-741.
    15. Liang, Zhanwei & Chen, Hongwei & Zhao, Bin & Jia, Jiandong & Cheng, Kai, 2018. "Synergetic effects of firing gases/coal blends and adopting deep air staging on combustion characteristics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 499-511.

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