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A partially underground rock bed thermal energy storage with a novel air flow configuration

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  • Knobloch, Kai
  • Muhammad, Yousif
  • Costa, Marta Soler
  • Moscoso, Fabrizio Mayta
  • Bahl, Christian
  • Alm, Ole
  • Engelbrecht, Kurt

Abstract

Low-cost, grid-level energy storage is key to maximizing the utilization of renewable energy production and decarbonizing the electricity sector. The design and testing of a high-temperature thermal energy storage based on rocks is presented. Important design features are the three electric heaters mounted on top of the storage and the inner pipe inside the rock bed, allowing for the first time a reversible vertical air flow configuration of a system which is partially underground. The rock bed storage is highly scalable and based on diabase which is abundant as well as low-cost in Northern Europe and other locations. A pilot plant with a storage capacity of 1 MWhth has been operated up to 675°C. The first law round-trip efficiency of 70.7% in an initial operation exceeds all efficiencies observed in a previously built thermal storage with horizontal flow configuration. By improving the operation with charge and discharge air flow rates of 140 and 300 Nm/h3, respectively, the first law round-trip efficiency increases to 80.7%. A maximum thermal output of 58.06 kW is achieved, of which 90% can already be provided within 6 min of start-up. This paper demonstrates that the novel medium-scale storage can operate with a satisfactory performance for several years with no failures to date.

Suggested Citation

  • Knobloch, Kai & Muhammad, Yousif & Costa, Marta Soler & Moscoso, Fabrizio Mayta & Bahl, Christian & Alm, Ole & Engelbrecht, Kurt, 2022. "A partially underground rock bed thermal energy storage with a novel air flow configuration," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 315(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:315:y:2022:i:c:s0306261922003464
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118931
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Schwarzmayr, Paul & Birkelbach, Felix & Walter, Heimo & Hofmann, René, 2024. "Exergy efficiency and thermocline degradation of a packed bed thermal energy storage in partial cycle operation: An experimental study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 360(C).
    2. Wolscht, Leonhard & Knobloch, Kai & Jacquemoud, Emmanuel & Jenny, Philipp, 2024. "Dynamic simulation and experimental validation of a 35 MW heat pump based on a transcritical CO2 cycle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    3. Liang, Ting & Vecchi, Andrea & Knobloch, Kai & Sciacovelli, Adriano & Engelbrecht, Kurt & Li, Yongliang & Ding, Yulong, 2022. "Key components for Carnot Battery: Technology review, technical barriers and selection criteria," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 163(C).
    4. Ouyang, Tiancheng & Pan, Mingming & Tan, Xianlin & Li, Lulu & Huang, Youbin & Mo, Chunlan, 2024. "Power prediction and packed bed heat storage control for marine diesel engine waste heat recovery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 357(C).
    5. Schwarzmayr, Paul & Birkelbach, Felix & Walter, Heimo & Hofmann, René, 2023. "Standby efficiency and thermocline degradation of a packed bed thermal energy storage: An experimental study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 337(C).

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