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Human health impact and economic effect for PM2.5 exposure in typical cities

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  • Yang, Siyuan
  • Fang, Delin
  • Chen, Bin

Abstract

Cities have been suffering from severe air pollution for decades due to intensive energy related production and consumption activities. Exposure to hazardous PM2.5 would not only trigger human health impact, but also result in an economic loss for both society and individual. In this study, the PM2.5-related health impact and corresponding economic loss are assessed in typical cities from north part of China. In these cities, huge amount of energy is consumed for space heating during the cold days, which has been proven to be the major contributor to PM2.5 emissions. Considering the remarkable difference of space heating utilization and average PM2.5 concentration, the study examines the health and welfare impact of PM2.5 exposure in both winter season and summer season from 2013 to 2016. Adjusted human capital method and the cost of illness are applied to assess the economic loss of premature death and medical expenses on PM2.5-related diseases, respectively. Welfare loss is proposed to quantify the financial damages caused by PM2.5 to the individual, which is calculated based on the proportion of health care expenses in disposable personal income. The results show that the number of cases for PM2.5-related mortality and morbidity during the winter season is about three times as much as that in summer season in 28 cities. If the annual average PM2.5 concentration has decreased from the current polluted condition to 35 μg/m3 (national health standard), about 16.46 billion Yuan, 0.54% of gross domestic product in 28 cities can be saved annually during the study period. The welfare loss in cities of provincial capital is obviously higher than other cities from the same province, which is associated with the higher consumption level and living quality of capital cities. Moreover, patients requiring hospital admission from rural household are more likely to be impoverished than that from urban household, which aggravates the economic burden of rural residents to recover from the suffer of PM2.5-related diseases. Estimation of the health impact and economic losses for the society and individual represent an integral part of a full analysis of the consequences of PM2.5 exposure to human beings, which can provide some insightful observations for policy makers to keep the social equality, welfare and environment conservation.

Suggested Citation

  • Yang, Siyuan & Fang, Delin & Chen, Bin, 2019. "Human health impact and economic effect for PM2.5 exposure in typical cities," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C), pages 316-325.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:249:y:2019:i:c:p:316-325
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.173
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    2. Qin Liao & Wangqiang Jin & Yan Tao & Jiansheng Qu & Yong Li & Yibo Niu, 2020. "Health and Economic Loss Assessment of PM 2.5 Pollution during 2015–2017 in Gansu Province, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-18, May.
    3. Shen Zhao & Yong Xu, 2021. "Exploring the Dynamic Spatio-Temporal Correlations between PM 2.5 Emissions from Different Sources and Urban Expansion in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-18, January.
    4. Jianhua Jiang & Bo Ming & Qiang Huang & Qingjun Bai, 2024. "Operational Robustness Assessment of the Hydro-Based Hybrid Generation System under Deep Uncertainties," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-18, April.
    5. Liu, Yating & Fang, Delin & Chen, Bin, 2021. "Interregional spillover effect of PM2.5 emissions on Northeast China through the national supply chain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 303(C).
    6. Giulio Mela & Pierpaolo Girardi, 2024. "Is Active Mobility Really a Sustainable Way of Travelling in Italian Cities? When and Where Injury Risk Offsets the Benefits of Riding or Walking," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-18, August.
    7. Keisuke Nansai & Susumu Tohno & Satoru Chatani & Keiichiro Kanemoto & Shigemi Kagawa & Yasushi Kondo & Wataru Takayanagi & Manfred Lenzen, 2021. "Consumption in the G20 nations causes particulate air pollution resulting in two million premature deaths annually," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 12(1), pages 1-12, December.
    8. Xialing Sun & Rui Zhang & Geyi Wang, 2022. "Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Health Impact and Economic Loss upon Exposure to PM 2.5 in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-17, February.
    9. Yanyong Hu & Kun Chao & Zhujun Zhu & Jiaqi Yue & Xiaotong Qie & Meijia Wang, 2024. "A Study on a Health Impact Assessment and Healthcare Cost Calculation of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Residents under PM 2.5 and O 3 Pollution," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-22, May.
    10. Jianzhou Wang & Pei Du, 2021. "Quarterly PM2.5 prediction using a novel seasonal grey model and its further application in health effects and economic loss assessment: evidences from Shanghai and Tianjin, China," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 107(1), pages 889-909, May.

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