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Pharmaceutical and personal care products in recycled water for edible crop irrigation: Understanding the occurrence, crop uptake, and water quantity effects

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  • Azad, Ananta
  • Liu, Haizhou

Abstract

Global water scarcity poses a great challenge to agriculture productivity. Recycled water offers a promising alternative for agricultural irrigation, yet residual pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in recycled water can transfer to edible crops during irrigation, and adversely affect food safety. Furthermore, irrigation water quantity can influence the accumulation of PPCPs in edible crops. This study comprehensively investigates the use of recycled water for agricultural irrigation by critically reviewing three key components: PPCPs occurrence in recycled water, their accumulation in edible crops, and the impact of water quantity on PPCPs accumulation. Literature analysis showed that PPCPs were present from 130 to 1400 ng/L in secondary effluent and 25–400 ng/L in tertiary effluent, with sulfamethoxazole being the most prevalent in both effluents. PPCPs uptake and accumulation varied between leafy and fruity vegetables, with diclofenac accumulating highest in leafy vegetables and fluoxetine in fruity vegetables. Furthermore, the water requirement of leafy and fruity crops vary throughout the growing season. In leafy vegetables, PPCPs accumulation in leaves is influenced by transpiration rate, with reduced accumulation occurring under limited water availability due to slower transpiration. In fruity vegetables, osmotic adjustment drives the water transport in fruits, leading to increased PPCPs accumulation under limited water conditions. This study contributes insights into PPCPs occurrence, accumulation, and irrigation water quantity, aiding in the development of effective strategies for recycled water use in agriculture.

Suggested Citation

  • Azad, Ananta & Liu, Haizhou, 2024. "Pharmaceutical and personal care products in recycled water for edible crop irrigation: Understanding the occurrence, crop uptake, and water quantity effects," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:304:y:2024:i:c:s0378377424003822
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109047
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yu, Jim T. & Bouwer, Edward J. & Coelhan, Mehmet, 2006. "Occurrence and biodegradability studies of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products in sewage effluent," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 86(1-2), pages 72-80, November.
    2. Reznik, Ami & Feinerman, Eli & Finkelshtain, Israel & Fisher, Franklin & Huber-Lee, Annette & Joyce, Brian & Kan, Iddo, 2017. "Economic implications of agricultural reuse of treated wastewater in Israel: A statewide long-term perspective," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 222-233.
    3. Nicoleta Ungureanu & Valentin Vlăduț & Gheorghe Voicu, 2020. "Water Scarcity and Wastewater Reuse in Crop Irrigation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-18, October.
    4. María Fernanda Jaramillo & Inés Restrepo, 2017. "Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: A Review about Its Limitations and Benefits," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(10), pages 1-19, October.
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