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Water competition mechanism of food and energy industries in WEF Nexus: A case study in China

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  • Hua, En
  • Wang, Xinyu
  • Engel, Bernie A.
  • Qian, Haiyang
  • Sun, Shikun
  • Wang, Yubao

Abstract

Water, energy and food (WEF) are three basic elements that safeguard human life and socioeconomic development. As the demand for water increases in food and energy production, water scarcity is more prominent globally. WEF Nexus plays an important role in evaluating and alleviating the contradiction between food and energy for water. Based on the water footprint of food and energy in China from 1997 to 2016, this paper used the “Structure-Conduct-Performance” analysis paradigm to evaluate the water competition mechanism. The newly constructed competition mechanism model includes type, conduct and performance. The results showed that the blue water footprint of energy increased from 3.25 Gm³ in 1997 to 12.54 Gm³ in 2016. The blue water footprint of food remained above 200 Gm³ for many years, and competition between food and energy production for water was intensifying. The gray water footprint of energy was increasing yearly, and food reached the maximum value of 181.01 Gm³ in 2014. Through model analysis, the South-to-North Water Diversion has not effectively alleviated water scarcity, and a few provinces were still classified in the water pressure-dominated area. The northern channel of West-to-East Power Transmission only transferred electric energy from water pressure-dominated area, causing the unsustainability coefficients of Inner Mongolia and Yunnan to increase from 0.09 and 0.03 in 1997 to 0.23 and 0.05 in 2016. This paper provides effective policy insights for global challenges facing WEF Nexus from the source, process and end of food and energy production.

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  • Hua, En & Wang, Xinyu & Engel, Bernie A. & Qian, Haiyang & Sun, Shikun & Wang, Yubao, 2021. "Water competition mechanism of food and energy industries in WEF Nexus: A case study in China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:254:y:2021:i:c:s0378377421002067
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106941
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    3. Shandong Niu & Xiao Lyu & Guozheng Gu, 2022. "A New Framework of Green Transition of Cultivated Land-Use for the Coordination among the Water-Land-Food-Carbon Nexus in China," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-25, June.
    4. Min Ge & Kaili Yu & Ange Ding & Gaofeng Liu, 2022. "Input-Output Efficiency of Water-Energy-Food and Its Driving Forces: Spatial-Temporal Heterogeneity of Yangtze River Economic Belt, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-15, January.
    5. Hua, En & Han, Xinxueqi & Bai, Yawen & Engel, Bernard A. & Li, Xin & Sun, Shikun & Wang, Yubao, 2023. "Synergy of water use in water-energy-food nexus from a symbiosis perspective: A case study in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    6. Somayeh Rezaei Kalvani & Fulvio Celico, 2024. "Analysis of Pros and Cons in Using the Water–Energy–Food Nexus Approach to Assess Resource Security: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-18, March.
    7. Zhang, Yu & Ren, Chongfeng & Zhang, Hongbo & Xie, Zhishuai & Wang, Yashi, 2022. "Managing irrigation water resources with economic benefit and energy consumption: an interval linear multi-objective fractional optimization model under multiple uncertainties," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    8. Shaohui Zou & Zhe Liao & Yichen Liu & Xiangbo Fan, 2024. "Research on the Impact of Heterogeneous Environmental Regulation on the Coordinated Development of China’s Water–Energy–Food System from a Spatial Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-22, January.
    9. Feng, Meiqing & Chen, Yaning & Duan, Weili & Fang, Gonghuan & li, Zhi & Jiao, Li & Sun, Fan & Li, Yupeng & Hou, Yifeng, 2022. "Comprehensive evaluation of the water-energy-food nexus in the agricultural management of the Tarim River Basin, Northwest China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).

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