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Estimating water use of mature pecan orchards: A six stage crop growth curve approach

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  • Ibraimo, Nadia A.
  • Taylor, Nicky J.
  • Steyn, J. Martin
  • Gush, Mark B.
  • Annandale, John G.

Abstract

Mature pecans use large quantities of water and therefore the accurate estimation of water use or evapotranspiration (ET) of pecan orchards is critical for judicious irrigation water management and planning. Measuring ET under all possible combinations of climate and management practices is not possible, and as a result, models are used to estimate ET. Empirical modelling approaches are more widely adopted than the more complex mechanistic models, as they are more easily parameterized, but they are not always easily transferred across a wide range of growing conditions, making local evaluation and validation essential. This study evaluated existing crop coefficient models in a mature pecan orchard for three seasons in a semi-arid subtropical climate. Whilst the generic FAO-56 approach, using parameters provided for stone fruit performed reasonably well on a seasonal basis, accurate monthly estimates of ET were not achieved throughout the season. A closer analysis of data from the current study and a previous study in New Mexico, revealed that a six stage crop coefficient curve should be considered for pecans, together with higher mid-season crop coefficient (Kc) values for mature orchards. More accurate estimates of monthly ET for mature pecan orchards were obtained when reference Kc (Kc-ref) values for a well-managed mature pecan orchard in New Mexico were adjusted for local conditions of climate, using a growing degree day—Kc relationship and canopy cover. The adjustment for climate should, however, be used with caution. A comparison between seasons at Cullinan and with New Mexico suggests that whilst thermal time is likely to predict the start of leaf fall, it is unlikely to accurately predict canopy development at the start of the season. As a result it is suggested that in future a crop growth curve based on visual observations of phenological stages is developed.

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  • Ibraimo, Nadia A. & Taylor, Nicky J. & Steyn, J. Martin & Gush, Mark B. & Annandale, John G., 2016. "Estimating water use of mature pecan orchards: A six stage crop growth curve approach," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 359-368.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:177:y:2016:i:c:p:359-368
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2016.08.024
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wang, Junming & Sammis, Ted W. & Andales, Allan A. & Simmons, Luke J. & Gutschick, Vincent P. & Miller, David R., 2007. "Crop coefficients of open-canopy pecan orchards," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 88(1-3), pages 253-262, March.
    2. Andales, Allan & Wang, Junming & Sammis, Ted W. & Mexal, John G. & Simmons, Luke J. & Miller, David R. & Gutschick, Vince P., 2006. "A model of pecan tree growth for the management of pruning and irrigation," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 84(1-2), pages 77-88, July.
    3. Samani, Zohrab & Bawazir, Salim & Skaggs, Rhonda & Longworth, John & Piñon, Aldo & Tran, Vien, 2011. "A simple irrigation scheduling approach for pecans," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 98(4), pages 661-664, February.
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    5. Sammis, T. W. & Mexal, J. G. & Miller, D., 2004. "Evapotranspiration of flood-irrigated pecans," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 69(3), pages 179-190, October.
    6. Sammis, T. & Gutschick, V. & Wang, J. & Miller, D.R., 2013. "Model of water and nitrogen management in pecan trees under normal and resource-limited conditions," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 28-36.
    7. Allen, Richard G. & Pereira, Luis S. & Howell, Terry A. & Jensen, Marvin E., 2011. "Evapotranspiration information reporting: I. Factors governing measurement accuracy," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 98(6), pages 899-920, April.
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    1. Peddinti, Srinivasa Rao & Kambhammettu, BVN P, 2019. "Dynamics of crop coefficients for citrus orchards of central India using water balance and eddy covariance flux partition techniques," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 68-77.
    2. Pereira, L.S. & Paredes, P. & Melton, F. & Johnson, L. & Wang, T. & López-Urrea, R. & Cancela, J.J. & Allen, R.G., 2020. "Prediction of crop coefficients from fraction of ground cover and height. Background and validation using ground and remote sensing data," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    3. Mashabatu, Munashe & Ntshidi, Zanele & Dzikiti, Sebinasi & Jovanovic, Nebojsa & Dube, Timothy & Taylor, Nicky J., 2023. "Deriving crop coefficients for evergreen and deciduous fruit orchards in South Africa using the fraction of vegetation cover and tree height data," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).

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