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A strategic plan for reuse of treated municipal wastewater for crop irrigation on the Island of Crete

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  • Agrafioti, Evita
  • Diamadopoulos, Evan

Abstract

This work presents a strategic plan on the feasibility of recycling treated municipal wastewater for agricultural irrigation on the Greek island of Crete. Three types of crops were investigated, namely olive trees, vineyards and lettuce as representative of raw-eaten vegetables. The Greek water reuse criteria were used as guidelines for the irrigation of the above mentioned types of crops. Qualitative and quantitative data regarding wastewater plant effluents were collected from 16 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) operated on Crete. Analysis of the collected data indicated that WWTPs did not meet the criteria for unrestricted irrigation of the crops, due to absence of tertiary treatment. In order to estimate the area of land that can be irrigated using treated effluents, the water requirements of each crop were estimated as the difference between evapotranspiration and effective precipitation using climatic data as input to CROPWAT software. Based on WWTPs capacity, the irrigated area was estimated and then was visualized and demonstrated using the CORINE 2000 database in ArcGIS. The present study showed that water recycling during summer could reserve approximately 19.16Mm3 of fresh water, which corresponds to 4.3% of total irrigation requirements. It is evident that the exploitation of this alternative water resource could be beneficial for Crete, relieving island's water shortage and stress.

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  • Agrafioti, Evita & Diamadopoulos, Evan, 2012. "A strategic plan for reuse of treated municipal wastewater for crop irrigation on the Island of Crete," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 57-64.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:105:y:2012:i:c:p:57-64
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2012.01.002
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    1. Pedrero, Francisco & Kalavrouziotis, Ioannis & Alarcón, Juan José & Koukoulakis, Prodromos & Asano, Takashi, 2010. "Use of treated municipal wastewater in irrigated agriculture--Review of some practices in Spain and Greece," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 97(9), pages 1233-1241, September.
    2. Grattan, S.R. & Berenguer, M.J. & Connell, J.H. & Polito, V.S. & Vossen, P.M., 2006. "Olive oil production as influenced by different quantities of applied water," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 85(1-2), pages 133-140, September.
    3. Thu, N. N., 2001. "Urbanization and wastewater reuse in peri-urban areas: a case study in Thanh Tri District, Hanoi City," IWMI Books, Reports H029038, International Water Management Institute.
    4. Tsagarakis, K. P. & Dialynas, G. E. & Angelakis, A. N., 2004. "Water resources management in Crete (Greece) including water recycling and reuse and proposed quality criteria," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 66(1), pages 35-47, April.
    5. Qadir, M. & Wichelns, D. & Raschid-Sally, L. & McCornick, P.G. & Drechsel, P. & Bahri, A. & Minhas, P.S., 2010. "The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 97(4), pages 561-568, April.
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    1. Chojnacka, K. & Witek-Krowiak, A. & Moustakas, K. & Skrzypczak, D. & Mikula, K. & Loizidou, M., 2020. "A transition from conventional irrigation to fertigation with reclaimed wastewater: Prospects and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).
    2. Ejovwokoghene C. Odjadjare & Ademola O. Olaniran, 2015. "Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistant and Virulent Salmonella spp. in Treated Effluent and Receiving Aquatic Milieu of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Durban, South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-22, August.
    3. Libutti, Angela & Gatta, Giuseppe & Gagliardi, Anna & Vergine, Pompilio & Pollice, Alfieri & Beneduce, Luciano & Disciglio, Grazia & Tarantino, Emanuele, 2018. "Agro-industrial wastewater reuse for irrigation of a vegetable crop succession under Mediterranean conditions," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 196(C), pages 1-14.
    4. Ricart, Sandra & Rico, Antonio M., 2019. "Assessing technical and social driving factors of water reuse in agriculture: A review on risks, regulation and the yuck factor," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 217(C), pages 426-439.

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