IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eco/journ2/2023-03-33.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Environmental Kuznets Curve and Renewable Energy Consumption: A Review

Author

Listed:
  • Haider Mahmood

    (Department of Finance, College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, 173 Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia,)

  • Muhammad Shahid Hassan

    (Department of Economics and Statistics, Dr. Hassan Murad School of Management, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan,)

  • Soumen Rej

    (University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, India)

  • Maham Furqan

    (School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA)

Abstract

Renewable Energy Consumption (REC) would reduce pollution and a large pool of literature has probed the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) including REC in a panel or a country-specific model. The present study reviewed 69 empirical studies and found that 57 out of 69 studies validated the EKC but 12 studies did not confirm the EKC. Out of these, 64 studies found that REC reduced emissions. In the country-specific analyses, 18 out of 25 studies validated the EKC and 24 out of 25 studies substantiated that REC reduced emissions. In the panel studies, 39 out of 44 studies validated the EKC and 40 out of 44 studies found that REC reduced emissions. Comparatively, panel studies reported more evidence of the EKC compared to country-specific studies. However, country-specific studies reported more evidence of the positive environmental effect of REC. The results of logistic regression show that the chance of the validity of the EKC is 4.82 times more in the studies if REC reduced emissions in a model. Thus, future studies on EKC testing should include REC in the model. In comparison, panel studies carry more chance of confirmation of the EKC than country-specific studies.

Suggested Citation

  • Haider Mahmood & Muhammad Shahid Hassan & Soumen Rej & Maham Furqan, 2023. "The Environmental Kuznets Curve and Renewable Energy Consumption: A Review," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(3), pages 279-291, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:eco:journ2:2023-03-33
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/download/14270/7307
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/14270
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Abid Rashid Gill & Kuperan K. Viswanathan & Sallahuddin Hassan, 2018. "A test of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for carbon emission and potential of renewable energy to reduce green house gases (GHG) in Malaysia," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 20(3), pages 1103-1114, June.
    2. Neha Saini & Monica Sighania, 2019. "Environmental impact of economic growth, emission and FDI: systematic review of reviews," Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 11(1), pages 81-134, May.
    3. Mehdi Ben Jebli & Slim Ben Youssef & Ilhan Ozturk, 2015. "The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade: Environmental Kuznets Curve Analysis for Sub-Saharan Africa Countries," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 27(3), pages 288-300, September.
    4. Djellouli, Nassima & Abdelli, Latifa & Elheddad, Mohamed & Ahmed, Rizwan & Mahmood, Haider, 2022. "The effects of non-renewable energy, renewable energy, economic growth, and foreign direct investment on the sustainability of African countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 676-686.
    5. Wang, Hongye & Su, Bin & Mu, Hailin & Li, Nan & Gui, Shusen & Duan, Ye & Jiang, Bo & Kong, Xue, 2020. "Optimal way to achieve renewable portfolio standard policy goals from the electricity generation, transmission, and trading perspectives in southern China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    6. Sharif, Arshian & Baris-Tuzemen, Ozge & Uzuner, Gizem & Ozturk, Ilhan & Sinha, Avik, 2020. "Revisiting the role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on Turkey’s ecological footprint: Evidence from Quantile ARDL approach," MPRA Paper 100044, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. George Halkos & Iacovos Psarianos, 2016. "Exploring the effect of including the environment in the neoclassical growth model," Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, Springer;Society for Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - SEEPS, vol. 18(3), pages 339-358, July.
    8. Sharma, Susan Sunila, 2011. "Determinants of carbon dioxide emissions: Empirical evidence from 69 countries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(1), pages 376-382, January.
    9. Thuan Nguyen & Bac Hai Dang & Thi Diem Nga Tran & Thi Oanh Hoa Su, 2021. "The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption and FDI in Testing the Existing of Environmental Kuznets Curve in Vietnam," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 11(1), pages 293-301.
    10. Wustenhagen, Rolf & Wolsink, Maarten & Burer, Mary Jean, 2007. "Social acceptance of renewable energy innovation: An introduction to the concept," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(5), pages 2683-2691, May.
    11. Yang, Qiang & Huo, Jiale & Saqib, Najia & Mahmood, Haider, 2022. "Modelling the effect of renewable energy and public-private partnership in testing EKC hypothesis: Evidence from methods moment of quantile regression," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 485-494.
    12. Vural, Gulfer, 2020. "How do output, trade, renewable energy and non-renewable energy impact carbon emissions in selected Sub-Saharan African Countries?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    13. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Solarin, Sakiru Adebola & Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain, 2017. "Bounds testing approach to analyzing the environment Kuznets curve hypothesis with structural beaks: The role of biomass energy consumption in the United States," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 548-565.
    14. Mayra Benavides & Kevin Ovalle & Carolina Torres & Tatiana Vinces, 2017. "Economic Growth, Renewable Energy and Methane Emissions: Is there an Enviromental Kuznets Curve in Austria?," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 7(1), pages 259-267.
    15. Apergis, Nicholas & Payne, James E., 2010. "Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of OECD countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 656-660, January.
    16. Wen Jun & Nafeesa Mughal & Prabjot Kaur & Zhaopeng Xing & Vipin Jain & Phan The Cong, 2022. "Achieving green environment targets in the world’s top 10 emitter countries: the role of green innovations and renewable electricity production," Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(1), pages 5310-5335, December.
    17. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Solarin, Sakiru Adebola & Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain, 2017. "Bounds Testing Approach to Analyzing the Environment Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: The Role of Biomass Energy Consumption in the United States with Structural Breaks," MPRA Paper 81840, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 07 Oct 2017.
    18. Moataz Elshimy & Khadiga M. El-Aasar, 2020. "Carbon footprint, renewable energy, non-renewable energy, and livestock: testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for the Arab world," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 22(7), pages 6985-7012, October.
    19. Muchran Muchran & Arifin Idrus & Syamsiah Badruddin & Mariana Tenreng & Muklis Kanto, 2021. "Influence of the Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumptions and Real-Income on Environmental Degradation in Indonesia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 11(1), pages 599-606.
    20. Liu, Shiyu & Bie, Zhaohong & Lin, Jiang & Wang, Xifan, 2018. "Curtailment of renewable energy in Northwest China and market-based solutions," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 494-502.
    21. Owen, Anthony D., 2006. "Renewable energy: Externality costs as market barriers," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(5), pages 632-642, March.
    22. Tian, Xian-Liang & Bélaïd, Fateh & Ahmad, Najid, 2021. "Exploring the nexus between tourism development and environmental quality: Role of Renewable energy consumption and Income," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 53-63.
    23. Genus, A. & Iskandarova, M., 2020. "Transforming the energy system? Technology and organisational legitimacy and the institutionalisation of community renewable energy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    24. Taha Zaghdoudi, 2017. "Oil prices, renewable energy, CO2 emissions and economic growth in OECD countries," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 37(3), pages 1844-1850.
    25. Nadia Hanif & Noman Arshed & Osama Aziz, 2020. "On interaction of the energy: Human capital Kuznets curve? A case for technology innovation," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 22(8), pages 7559-7586, December.
    26. Yu, Shiwei & Zheng, Yali & Li, Longxi, 2019. "A comprehensive evaluation of the development and utilization of China's regional renewable energy," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 73-86.
    27. Bekhet, Hussain Ali & Othman, Nor Salwati, 2018. "The role of renewable energy to validate dynamic interaction between CO2 emissions and GDP toward sustainable development in Malaysia," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 47-61.
    28. Gao, Jinchao & Hassan, Muhammad Shahid & Kalim, Rukhsana & Sharif, Arshian & Alkhateeb, Tarek Tawfik Yousef & Mahmood, Haider, 2023. "The role of clean and unclean energy resources in inspecting N-shaped impact of industrial production on environmental quality: A case of high polluting economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    29. Paul J. Burke, 2012. "Climbing the electricity ladder generates carbon Kuznets curve downturns," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 56(2), pages 260-279, April.
    30. Khadiga Mohamed El-Aasar & Shaimaa A. Hanafy, 2018. "Investigating the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Egypt: The Role of Renewable Energy and Trade in Mitigating GHGs," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 8(3), pages 177-184.
    31. Zeeshan Khan & Muntasir Murshed & Kangyin Dong & Siqun Yang, 2021. "The roles of export diversification and composite country risks in carbon emissions abatement: evidence from the signatories of the regional comprehensive economic partnership agreement," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 53(41), pages 4769-4787, September.
    32. Sasiwimon W. Paweenawat & Sutida Plyngam, 2017. "Does the causal relationship between renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic growth exist in Thailand? An ARDL approach," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 37(2), pages 697-711.
    33. Sharif, Arshian & Raza, Syed Ali & Ozturk, Ilhan & Afshan, Sahar, 2019. "The dynamic relationship of renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption with carbon emission: A global study with the application of heterogeneous panel estimations," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 685-691.
    34. Hadi Sasana & Jaka Aminata, 2019. "Energy Subsidy, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, and Carbon Dioxide Emission: Indonesian Case Studies," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 9(2), pages 117-122.
    35. Tamazian, Artur & Chousa, Juan Piñeiro & Vadlamannati, Krishna Chaitanya, 2009. "Does higher economic and financial development lead to environmental degradation: Evidence from BRIC countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 246-253, January.
    36. Adrienne M. Ohler, 2015. "Factors affecting the rise of renewable energy in the U.S.: Concern over environmental quality or rising unemployment?," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 2).
    37. Kangyin Dong & Xiucheng Dong & Qingzhe Jiang, 2020. "How renewable energy consumption lower global CO2 emissions? Evidence from countries with different income levels," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(6), pages 1665-1698, June.
    38. Azilah Hasnisah & A. A. Azlina & Che Mohd Imran Che Taib, 2019. "The Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption on Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Empirical Evidence from Developing Countries in Asia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 9(3), pages 135-143.
    39. Manzoor Ahmad & Zeeshan Khan & Zia Ur Rahman & Shoukat Iqbal Khattak & Zia Ullah Khan, 2021. "Can innovation shocks determine CO2 emissions (CO2e) in the OECD economies? A new perspective," Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(1), pages 89-109, January.
    40. Ruhul Salim & Shuddhasattwa Rafiq & Sahar Shafiei & Yao Yao, 2019. "Does urbanization increase pollutant emission and energy intensity? evidence from some Asian developing economies," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 51(36), pages 4008-4024, August.
    41. Rao, K. Usha & Kishore, V.V.N., 2010. "A review of technology diffusion models with special reference to renewable energy technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(3), pages 1070-1078, April.
    42. Dagoumas, Athanasios S. & Koltsaklis, Nikolaos E., 2019. "Review of models for integrating renewable energy in the generation expansion planning," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C), pages 1573-1587.
    43. Komen, Marinus H.C. & Gerking, Shelby & Folmer, Henk, 1997. "Income and environmental R&D: empirical evidence from OECD countries," Environment and Development Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 2(4), pages 505-515, November.
    44. Zafar, Muhammad Wasif & Zaidi, Syed Anees Haider & Sinha, Avik & Gedikli, Ayfer & Hou, Fujun, 2019. "The role of stock market and banking sector development, and renewable energy consumption in carbon emissions: Insights from G-7 and N-11 countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 427-436.
    45. Wang, Ge & Zhang, Qi & Li, Yan & Mclellan, Benjamin C. & Pan, Xunzhang, 2019. "Corrective regulations on renewable energy certificates trading: Pursuing an equity-efficiency trade-off," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 970-982.
    46. Salari, Mahmoud & Javid, Roxana J. & Noghanibehambari, Hamid, 2021. "The nexus between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth in the U.S," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 182-194.
    47. Obsatar Sinaga & Omar Alaeddin & Noor H. Jabarullah, 2019. "The Impact of Hydropower Energy on the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Malaysia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 9(1), pages 308-315.
    48. Lau, Lin-Sea & Choong, Chee-Keong & Ng, Cheong-Fatt & Liew, Feng-Mei & Ching, Suet-Ling, 2019. "Is nuclear energy clean? Revisit of Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in OECD countries," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 12-20.
    49. Afshan, Sahar & Ozturk, Ilhan & Yaqoob, Tanzeela, 2022. "Facilitating renewable energy transition, ecological innovations and stringent environmental policies to improve ecological sustainability: Evidence from MM-QR method," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 196(C), pages 151-160.
    50. Mohd Haizam Mohd Saudi & Obsatar Sinaga & Noor H. Jabarullah, 2019. "The Role of Renewable, Non-renewable Energy Consumption and Technology Innovation in Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve in Malaysia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 9(1), pages 299-307.
    51. Dogan, Eyup & Seker, Fahri, 2016. "Determinants of CO2 emissions in the European Union: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 429-439.
    52. Yu-Ke, Chen & Hassan, Muhammad Shahid & Kalim, Rukhsana & Mahmood, Haider & Arshed, Noman & Salman, Muhammad, 2022. "Testing asymmetric influence of clean and unclean energy for targeting environmental quality in environmentally poor economies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 765-775.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Nabil Maalel, 2024. "Renewable Energy Transition, Trade Openness, and CO2 Emissions Nexus in the Middle East," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(3), pages 434-441, May.
    2. Rajendran, Rajitha & Krishnaswamy, Jayaraman & Subramaniam, Nava, 2023. "Dynamics of macro-economic factors for energy transition and its reviews - A conceptual framework for G7 countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    3. Rehman, Mubeen Abdur, 2024. "How has FinTech become a solution for minerals management?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Sultan Salem & Noman Arshed & Ahsan Anwar & Mubasher Iqbal & Nyla Sattar, 2021. "Renewable Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions—Testing Nonlinearity for Highly Carbon Emitting Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-17, October.
    2. Oryani, Bahareh & Koo, Yoonmo & Rezania, Shahabaldin & Shafiee, Afsaneh & Khan, Muhammad Kamran & Mahdavian, Seyed Mohammadreza, 2021. "The role of electricity mix and transportation sector in designing a green-growth strategy in Iran," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).
    3. Ahsan Anwar & Avik Sinha & Arshian Sharif & Muhammad Siddique & Shoaib Irshad & Waseem Anwar & Summaira Malik, 2022. "The nexus between urbanization, renewable energy consumption, financial development, and CO2 emissions: evidence from selected Asian countries," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(5), pages 6556-6576, May.
    4. Yao, Yunting & Gao, Ciwei & Tian, Hongjie & Zhang, Huiling, 2020. "Review of mid-to long-term trading mechanism for renewable electricity consumption in Ningxia, China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    5. Vo, Duc Hong & Vo, Anh The & Ho, Chi Minh & Nguyen, Ha Minh, 2020. "The role of renewable energy, alternative and nuclear energy in mitigating carbon emissions in the CPTPP countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 278-292.
    6. Ibrahiem, Dalia M. & Hanafy, Shaimaa A., 2021. "Do energy security and environmental quality contribute to renewable energy? The role of trade openness and energy use in North African countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 667-678.
    7. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Nasir, Muhammad Ali & Roubaud, David, 2018. "Environmental degradation in France: The effects of FDI, financial development, and energy innovations," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 843-857.
    8. Sharif, Arshian & Mishra, Shekhar & Sinha, Avik & Jiao, Zhilun & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Afshan, Sahar, 2020. "The renewable energy consumption-environmental degradation nexus in Top-10 polluted countries: Fresh insights from quantile-on-quantile regression approach," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 670-690.
    9. Gangopadhyay, Partha & Das, Narasingha & Alam, G.M. Monirul & Khan, Uzma & Haseeb, Mohammad & Hossain, Md. Emran, 2023. "Revisiting the carbon pollution-inhibiting policies in the USA using the quantile ARDL methodology: What roles can clean energy and globalization play?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 710-721.
    10. Zhang, Mingming & Zhang, Shichang & Lee, Chien-Chiang & Zhou, Dequn, 2021. "Effects of trade openness on renewable energy consumption in OECD countries: New insights from panel smooth transition regression modelling," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
    11. Muhammad Shahbaz & Mehmet Akif Destek & Michael L. Polemis, 2018. "Do Foreign Capital and Financial Development Affect Clean Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions? Evidence from BRICS and Next-11 Countries," SPOUDAI Journal of Economics and Business, SPOUDAI Journal of Economics and Business, University of Piraeus, vol. 68(4), pages 20-50, October-D.
    12. Suki, Norazah Mohd & Suki, Norbayah Mohd & Sharif, Arshian & Afshan, Sahar & Jermsittiparsert, Kittisak, 2022. "The role of technology innovation and renewable energy in reducing environmental degradation in Malaysia: A step towards sustainable environment," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 245-253.
    13. Bashir, Muhammad Farhan & Pan, Yanchun & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Ghosh, Sudeshna, 2023. "How energy transition and environmental innovation ensure environmental sustainability? Contextual evidence from Top-10 manufacturing countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 697-709.
    14. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Chen, Mei-Ping & Yuan, Zihao, 2023. "Is information and communication technology a driver for renewable energy?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    15. Djellouli, Nassima & Abdelli, Latifa & Elheddad, Mohamed & Ahmed, Rizwan & Mahmood, Haider, 2022. "The effects of non-renewable energy, renewable energy, economic growth, and foreign direct investment on the sustainability of African countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 676-686.
    16. Anh-Tu Nguyen & Shih-Hao Lu & Phuc Thanh Thien Nguyen, 2021. "Validating and Forecasting Carbon Emissions in the Framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve: The Case of Vietnam," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-38, May.
    17. Montassar Kahia & Anis Omri & Bilel Jarraya, 2021. "Green Energy, Economic Growth and Environmental Quality Nexus in Saudi Arabia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-13, January.
    18. Magazzino, Cosimo & Mele, Marco & Schneider, Nicolas, 2021. "A machine learning approach on the relationship among solar and wind energy production, coal consumption, GDP, and CO2 emissions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 99-115.
    19. Filippidis, Michail & Tzouvanas, Panagiotis & Chatziantoniou, Ioannis, 2021. "Energy poverty through the lens of the energy-environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 100(C).
    20. Usman, Muhammad & Makhdum, Muhammad Sohail Amjad, 2021. "What abates ecological footprint in BRICS-T region? Exploring the influence of renewable energy, non-renewable energy, agriculture, forest area and financial development," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 12-28.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Renewable Energy Consumption; The Environmental Kuznets Curve; The Panel Studies; Country-Specific Studies;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • O44 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Environment and Growth
    • P18 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Capitalist Economies - - - Energy; Environment
    • Q20 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Renewable Resources and Conservation - - - General

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eco:journ2:2023-03-33. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Ilhan Ozturk (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.econjournals.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.