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Leaving home in 19th century England and Wales: A spatial analysis

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  • Joseph Day

    (University of Cambridge)

Abstract

Background: The process and timing of leaving home represents a major demographic transition which has an impact on other demographic events such as migration and marriage. Objective: This paper aims to accurately measure the leaving home process across England and Wales in 1881 at a high spatial resolution and to analyse the determinants of regional disparities in the leaving home process. The paper is designed to shift the focus away from the household- and individual-level determinants of leaving home and to the relationship with the socioeconomic context. Methods: This paper uses data from the complete individual-level returns from the 1881 census of England and Wales. Using standard demographic techniques to adjust for parental mortality, a spatial framework is used to analyse the relationship between the leaving home process and the socioeconomic context. Moran’s global and local i is used to identify spatially-determined variables such that their effect on the age at leaving home can be evaluated in an OLS model. Results: The leaving home process exhibits a clear spatial pattern related to the institution of service. Poor households responded to hardship by either retaining or ejecting children from the home depending on the prevalence of service. Contribution: This article adds to the literature on the leaving home process by mapping variations in the mean age at leaving home across England and Wales in 1881 rather than relying on small region-specific samples. Through the comprehensive use of the census, this process can be linked to the socioeconomic context, thereby explicating households’ varying responses to poverty in 19th century England and Wales.

Suggested Citation

  • Joseph Day, 2018. "Leaving home in 19th century England and Wales: A spatial analysis," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 39(4), pages 95-135.
    • Handle: RePEc:dem:demres:v:39:y:2018:i:4
    DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2018.39.4
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Alun Howkins & Nicola Verdon, 2008. "Adaptable and sustainable? Male farm service and the agricultural labour force in midland and southern England, c.1850–19251," Economic History Review, Economic History Society, vol. 61(2), pages 467-495, May.
    2. Filippo Simini & Marta C. González & Amos Maritan & Albert-László Barabási, 2012. "A universal model for mobility and migration patterns," Nature, Nature, vol. 484(7392), pages 96-100, April.
    3. Guinnane, Timothy W., 1992. "Age at Leaving Home in Rural Ireland, 1901–1911," The Journal of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 52(3), pages 651-674, September.
    4. A. J. Gritt, 2000. "The census and the servant: a reassessment of the decline and distribution of farm service in early nineteenth-century England," Economic History Review, Economic History Society, vol. 53(1), pages 84-106, February.
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    Cited by:

    1. Matthias Rosenbaum-Feldbrügge, 2022. "Leaving Home for Marital and Non-marital Reasons in the Netherlands, 1850–1940: The Impact of Parental Death and Parental Remarriage," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 38(3), pages 377-400, August.
    2. Hannaliis Jaadla & Alice Reid & Eilidh Garrett & Kevin Schürer & Joseph Day, 2020. "Revisiting the Fertility Transition in England and Wales: The Role of Social Class and Migration," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 57(4), pages 1543-1569, August.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    leaving home; census; poverty; Wales; 19th century; England;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J1 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics
    • Z0 - Other Special Topics - - General

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