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Intergenerational money and time transfers by gender in Spain: Who are the actual dependents?

Author

Listed:
  • Elisenda Rentería

    (Universitat de Barcelona)

  • Rosario Scandurra

    (Universitat de Barcelona)

  • Guadalupe Souto

    (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona)

  • Concepció Patxot

    (Universitat de Barcelona)

Abstract

Background: The analysis of intergenerational transfers can shed light on the interaction between population age structure and welfare. Nevertheless, a thorough examination of this issue requires consideration of both monetary (market) and time (non-market) transfers. Objective: We analyse market and non-market production, consumption, and transfers by age and gender for Spain from 2009−2010 using National (Time) Transfer Accounts (NTA and NTTA) methodology. Methods: Using National Accounts, microdata from different surveys, and the Time Use Survey, we estimate age and sex-specific profiles of monetary and time production and consumption for Spain. Consequently, a surplus or deficit and the resulting transfers are obtained. Results: We observe higher labour income for men with respect to women throughout the age profile. Nevertheless, women spend more hours in total (market and non-market activities) than men. This division drives an asymmetry in private transfers. While men are net donors of money to other age groups during their working life, women are net donors of time to other household members (mainly children and their partners) over their lives. Conclusions: The inclusion of the non-market economy in the analysis of intergenerational transfers is crucial to observe real inequalities between genders throughout the life cycle. This challenges the ‘economic dependency’ of women based on a market economy. The results suggest that the public sector in Spain should reinforce policies that take into account women’s contribution to the welfare of other population groups, and call for policies that reconcile professional and family obligations.

Suggested Citation

  • Elisenda Rentería & Rosario Scandurra & Guadalupe Souto & Concepció Patxot, 2016. "Intergenerational money and time transfers by gender in Spain: Who are the actual dependents?," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 34(24), pages 689-704.
    • Handle: RePEc:dem:demres:v:34:y:2016:i:24
    DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2016.34.24
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Istenič, Tanja & Vargha, Lili & Sambt, Jože, 2019. "Is there a connection between welfare regimes and inter-age reallocation systems?," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, vol. 14(C).
    2. Marisa Bucheli & Cecilia Lara, 2018. "Revealing gender gap changes in home production and labor income in Uruguay," Documentos de Trabajo (working papers) 18-12, Instituto de Economía - IECON.
    3. Gemma Abio & Ció Patxot & Elisenda Renteria & Guadalupe Souto & Tanja IsteniÄ, 2024. "The gender gap in paid and unpaid work along the life cycle: The role of household arrangements," UB School of Economics Working Papers 2024/464, University of Barcelona School of Economics.
    4. Hippolyte d'Albis & Carole Bonnet & Xavier Chojnicki & Najat El Mekkaoui & Angela Greulich & Jérôme Hubert & Julien Navaux, 2019. "Financing the Consumption of the Young and Old in France," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 45(1), pages 103-132, March.
    5. Bernhard Hammer & Sonja Spitzer & Lili Vargha & Tanja Istenic, 2019. "The Gender Dimension of Intergenerational Transfers in Europe," VID Working Papers 1907, Vienna Institute of Demography (VID) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna.
    6. Hippolyte d'Albis & Carole Bonnet & Xavier Chojnicki & Najat El Mekkaouide Freitas & Angela Greulich & Jérôme Hubert & Julien Navaux, 2018. "Who pays for the consumption of young and old?," Working Papers halshs-01799724, HAL.
    7. Ana Seme & Lili Vargha & Tanja Istenic & Joze Sambt, 2019. "Historical patterns of unpaid work in Europe: NTTA results by age and gender," Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, Vienna Institute of Demography (VID) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna, vol. 17(1), pages 121-140.
    8. Lili Vargha & Róbert Iván Gál & Michelle O. Crosby-Nagy, 2017. "Household production and consumption over the life cycle: National Time Transfer Accounts in 14 European countries," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 36(32), pages 905-944.
    9. Miguel Sánchez-Romero & Gemma Abio & Concepció Patxot & Guadalupe Souto, 2018. "Contribution of demography to economic growth," SERIEs: Journal of the Spanish Economic Association, Springer;Spanish Economic Association, vol. 9(1), pages 27-64, March.
    10. Marina Zannella & Alessandra De Rose, 2019. "Stability and change in family time transfers and workload inequality in Italian couples," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 40(3), pages 49-60.
    11. Gemma Abio & Concepció Patxot & Elisenda Rentería & Guadalupe Souto, 2017. "Intergenerational Transfers in Spain: The Role of Education," Hacienda Pública Española / Review of Public Economics, IEF, vol. 223(4), pages 101-130, December.
    12. Hammer, Bernhard & Spitzer, Sonja & Vargha, Lili & Istenič, Tanja, 2020. "The gender dimension of intergenerational transfers in Europe," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, vol. 15(C).
    13. Pérez-Sánchez, Laura À. & Velasco-Fernández, Raúl & Giampietro, Mario, 2022. "Factors and actions for the sustainability of the residential sector. The nexus of energy, materials, space, and time use," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    hypogamy; intergenerational transfers; time use; national transfer accounts (NTA); Spain; gender relationships; time transfers;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J1 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics
    • Z0 - Other Special Topics - - General

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