IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/dem/demres/v34y2016i24.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Intergenerational money and time transfers by gender in Spain: Who are the actual dependents?

Author

Listed:
  • Elisenda Rentería

    (Universitat de Barcelona)

  • Rosario Scandurra

    (Universitat de Barcelona)

  • Guadalupe Souto

    (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona)

  • Concepció Patxot

    (Universitat de Barcelona)

Abstract

Background: The analysis of intergenerational transfers can shed light on the interaction between population age structure and welfare. Nevertheless, a thorough examination of this issue requires consideration of both monetary (market) and time (non-market) transfers. Objective: We analyse market and non-market production, consumption, and transfers by age and gender for Spain from 2009−2010 using National (Time) Transfer Accounts (NTA and NTTA) methodology. Methods: Using National Accounts, microdata from different surveys, and the Time Use Survey, we estimate age and sex-specific profiles of monetary and time production and consumption for Spain. Consequently, a surplus or deficit and the resulting transfers are obtained. Results: We observe higher labour income for men with respect to women throughout the age profile. Nevertheless, women spend more hours in total (market and non-market activities) than men. This division drives an asymmetry in private transfers. While men are net donors of money to other age groups during their working life, women are net donors of time to other household members (mainly children and their partners) over their lives. Conclusions: The inclusion of the non-market economy in the analysis of intergenerational transfers is crucial to observe real inequalities between genders throughout the life cycle. This challenges the ‘economic dependency’ of women based on a market economy. The results suggest that the public sector in Spain should reinforce policies that take into account women’s contribution to the welfare of other population groups, and call for policies that reconcile professional and family obligations.

Suggested Citation

  • Elisenda Rentería & Rosario Scandurra & Guadalupe Souto & Concepció Patxot, 2016. "Intergenerational money and time transfers by gender in Spain: Who are the actual dependents?," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 34(24), pages 689-704.
    • Handle: RePEc:dem:demres:v:34:y:2016:i:24
    DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2016.34.24
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol34/24/34-24.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.4054/DemRes.2016.34.24?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hammer, Bernhard & Prskawetz, Alexia & Freund, Inga, 2015. "Production activities and economic dependency by age and gender in Europe: A cross-country comparison," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, vol. 5(C), pages 86-97.
    2. Gál, Róbert I. & Szabó, Endre & Vargha, Lili, 2015. "The age-profile of invisible transfers: The true size of asymmetry in inter-age reallocations," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, vol. 5(C), pages 98-104.
    3. Emilio Zagheni & Marina Zannella, 2013. "The life cycle dimension of time transfers in Europe," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 29(35), pages 937-948.
    4. Andrew Mason & Ronald Lee, 2011. "Population aging and the generational economy: key findings," Chapters, in: Ronald Lee & Andrew Mason (ed.), Population Aging and the Generational Economy, chapter 1, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    5. Esping-Andersen, Gosta, 1999. "Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780198742005.
    6. Denys Dukhovnov & Emilio Zagheni, 2015. "Who Takes Care of Whom in the United States? Time Transfers by Age and Sex," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 41(2), pages 183-206, June.
    7. Joseph Price, 2008. "Parent-Child Quality Time: Does Birth Order Matter?," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 43(1).
    8. Jiménez-Fontana, Pamela, 2015. "Analysis of non-remunerated production in Costa Rica," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, vol. 5(C), pages 45-53.
    9. Herce San Miguel José Antonio & Ahn Namkee & Alonso Meseguer Javier, 2003. "Gastos sanitario y envejecimiento de la población en España," Working Papers 201015, Fundacion BBVA / BBVA Foundation.
    10. Jose Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal & Almudena Sevilla, 2014. "Total work time in Spain: evidence from time diary data," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 46(16), pages 1894-1909, June.
    11. Ronald Lee & Andrew Mason (ed.), 2011. "Population Aging and the Generational Economy," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 13816.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Bernhard Hammer & Sonja Spitzer & Lili Vargha & Tanja Istenic, 2019. "The Gender Dimension of Intergenerational Transfers in Europe," VID Working Papers 1907, Vienna Institute of Demography (VID) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna.
    2. Ana Seme & Lili Vargha & Tanja Istenic & Joze Sambt, 2019. "Historical patterns of unpaid work in Europe: NTTA results by age and gender," Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, Vienna Institute of Demography (VID) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna, vol. 17(1), pages 121-140.
    3. Pérez-Sánchez, Laura À. & Velasco-Fernández, Raúl & Giampietro, Mario, 2022. "Factors and actions for the sustainability of the residential sector. The nexus of energy, materials, space, and time use," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    4. Marisa Bucheli & Cecilia Lara, 2018. "Revealing gender gap changes in home production and labor income in Uruguay," Documentos de Trabajo (working papers) 18-12, Instituto de Economía - IECON.
    5. Lili Vargha & Róbert Iván Gál & Michelle O. Crosby-Nagy, 2017. "Household production and consumption over the life cycle: National Time Transfer Accounts in 14 European countries," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 36(32), pages 905-944.
    6. Gemma Abio & Ció Patxot & Elisenda Renteria & Guadalupe Souto & Tanja IsteniÄ, 2024. "The gender gap in paid and unpaid work along the life cycle: The role of household arrangements," UB School of Economics Working Papers 2024/464, University of Barcelona School of Economics.
    7. Hammer, Bernhard & Spitzer, Sonja & Vargha, Lili & Istenič, Tanja, 2020. "The gender dimension of intergenerational transfers in Europe," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, vol. 15(C).
    8. Istenič, Tanja & Vargha, Lili & Sambt, Jože, 2019. "Is there a connection between welfare regimes and inter-age reallocation systems?," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, vol. 14(C).
    9. Miguel Sánchez-Romero & Gemma Abio & Concepció Patxot & Guadalupe Souto, 2018. "Contribution of demography to economic growth," SERIEs: Journal of the Spanish Economic Association, Springer;Spanish Economic Association, vol. 9(1), pages 27-64, March.
    10. Hippolyte d'Albis & Carole Bonnet & Xavier Chojnicki & Najat El Mekkaoui & Angela Greulich & Jérôme Hubert & Julien Navaux, 2019. "Financing the Consumption of the Young and Old in France," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 45(1), pages 103-132, March.
    11. Hippolyte d'Albis & Carole Bonnet & Xavier Chojnicki & Najat El Mekkaouide Freitas & Angela Greulich & Jérôme Hubert & Julien Navaux, 2018. "Who pays for the consumption of young and old?," Working Papers halshs-01799724, HAL.
    12. Gemma Abio & Concepció Patxot & Elisenda Rentería & Guadalupe Souto, 2017. "Intergenerational Transfers in Spain: The Role of Education," Hacienda Pública Española / Review of Public Economics, IEF, vol. 223(4), pages 101-130, December.
    13. Marina Zannella & Alessandra De Rose, 2019. "Stability and change in family time transfers and workload inequality in Italian couples," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 40(3), pages 49-60.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Istenič, Tanja & Vargha, Lili & Sambt, Jože, 2019. "Is there a connection between welfare regimes and inter-age reallocation systems?," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, vol. 14(C).
    2. Lili Vargha & Róbert Iván Gál & Michelle O. Crosby-Nagy, 2017. "Household production and consumption over the life cycle: National Time Transfer Accounts in 14 European countries," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 36(32), pages 905-944.
    3. Zannella, Marina, 2015. "Reallocation of resources between generations and genders in the market and non-market economy. The case of Italy," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, vol. 5(C), pages 33-44.
    4. Denys Dukhovnov & Joan M. Ryan & Emilio Zagheni, 2022. "“The Impact of Demographic Change on Transfers of Care and Associated Well-being”," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 41(6), pages 2419-2446, December.
    5. Hammer, Bernhard & Spitzer, Sonja & Vargha, Lili & Istenič, Tanja, 2020. "The gender dimension of intergenerational transfers in Europe," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, vol. 15(C).
    6. Ana Seme & Lili Vargha & Tanja Istenic & Joze Sambt, 2019. "Historical patterns of unpaid work in Europe: NTTA results by age and gender," Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, Vienna Institute of Demography (VID) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna, vol. 17(1), pages 121-140.
    7. GÁL, Róbert Iván & VANHUYSSE, Pieter & MEDGYESI, Márton, 2023. "Taxing Reproduction : The Invisible Transfer Cost of Rearing Children in Europe," CEI Working Paper Series 2023-04, Center for Economic Institutions, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University.
    8. Mikkel Christoffer Barslund & Marten von Werder, 2016. "Measuring dependency ratios using National Transfer Accounts," Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, Vienna Institute of Demography (VID) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna, vol. 14(1), pages 155-186.
    9. Hippolyte d’ALBIS & Dalal MOOSA, 2015. "Generational Economics and the National Transfer Accounts," JODE - Journal of Demographic Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 81(4), pages 409-441, December.
    10. Elke Loichinger & Bernhard Hammer & Alexia Prskawetz & Michael Freiberger & Joze Sambt, 2017. "Quantifying Economic Dependency," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 33(3), pages 351-380, July.
    11. Bernhard Hammer & Sonja Spitzer & Lili Vargha & Tanja Istenic, 2019. "The Gender Dimension of Intergenerational Transfers in Europe," VID Working Papers 1907, Vienna Institute of Demography (VID) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna.
    12. James Mahmud Rice & Jeromey B. Temple & Peter F. McDonald, 2021. "Intergenerational inequality and the intergenerational state," Journal of Population Research, Springer, vol. 38(4), pages 367-399, December.
    13. Denys Dukhovnov & Emilio Zagheni, 2015. "Who Takes Care of Whom in the United States? Time Transfers by Age and Sex," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 41(2), pages 183-206, June.
    14. Denys Dukhovnov & Emilio Zagheni, 2019. "Transfers of informal care time in the United States: the role of demographic differentials in intergenerational flows by age, sex, and racial and national background," Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, Vienna Institute of Demography (VID) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna, vol. 17(1), pages 163-197.
    15. Marina Zannella & Alessandra De Rose, 2019. "Stability and change in family time transfers and workload inequality in Italian couples," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 40(3), pages 49-60.
    16. Spielauer, Martin & Horvath, Thomas & Fink, Marian & Abio, Gemma & Souto, Guadalupe & Patxot, Ció & Istenič, Tanja, 2022. "Measuring the lifecycle impact of welfare state policies in the face of ageing," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 1-25.
    17. Barik, Debasis & Desai, Sonalde & Vanneman, Reeve, 2018. "Economic Status and Adult Mortality in India: Is the Relationship Sensitive to Choice of Indicators?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 176-187.
    18. Marisa Bucheli & Cecilia Lara, 2018. "Revealing gender gap changes in home production and labor income in Uruguay," Documentos de Trabajo (working papers) 18-12, Instituto de Economía - IECON.
    19. Kolk, Martin, 2019. "Demographic Theory and Population Ethics – Relationships between Population Size and Population Growth," SocArXiv 62wxd, Center for Open Science.
    20. Lee, R., 2016. "Macroeconomics, Aging, and Growth," Handbook of the Economics of Population Aging, in: Piggott, John & Woodland, Alan (ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Population Aging, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 0, pages 59-118, Elsevier.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    hypogamy; intergenerational transfers; time use; national transfer accounts (NTA); Spain; gender relationships; time transfers;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J1 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics
    • Z0 - Other Special Topics - - General

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:dem:demres:v:34:y:2016:i:24. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Editorial Office (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.demogr.mpg.de/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.