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Covenants, Creditors’ Simultaneous Equity Holdings, and Firm Investment Policies

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  • Chava, Sudheer
  • Wang, Rui
  • Zou, Hong

Abstract

This article analyzes how creditors’ simultaneous debt and equity holdings affect firm investment policies. We find that firms with dual ownership are less likely to have capital expenditure restrictions in loan contracts, and the relation varies in predicted ways with the monitoring needs of borrowers and the monitoring capacity of dual owners. A less frequent use of capital expenditure restrictions, however, does not result in borrowers’ risk-shifting. Dual ownership firms are also more likely to be granted an unconditional waiver and do not significantly reduce debt issuance or investment expenditures after a financial covenant violation. Our results highlight how dual ownership can help mitigate shareholder–creditor conflicts.

Suggested Citation

  • Chava, Sudheer & Wang, Rui & Zou, Hong, 2019. "Covenants, Creditors’ Simultaneous Equity Holdings, and Firm Investment Policies," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 54(2), pages 481-512, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:cup:jfinqa:v:54:y:2019:i:02:p:481-512_00
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    Cited by:

    1. Falko Fecht & José-Luis Peydró & Günseli Tümer-Alkan & Yuejuan Yu, 2021. "Banks’ equity stakes in firms: A blessing or curse in credit markets?," Economics Working Papers 1802, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
    2. Lim, Jesslyn & Do, Viet & Vu, Tram, 2022. "The effect of lenders’ dual holding on loan contract design: Evidence from performance pricing provisions," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    3. Francis, Bill & Teng, Haimeng & Wang, Ying & Wu, Qiang, 2022. "The effect of shareholder-debtholder conflicts on corporate tax aggressiveness: Evidence from dual holders," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    4. Allen, Franklin & Qian, Meijun & Xie, Jing, 2022. "Implicit benefits and financing," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    5. Ding, Hui & Liu, Chenguang & Ni, Xiaoran, 2023. "Creditor protection and labor investment efficiency: Evidence from China," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 58(PD).
    6. Jun Chen & Bharat A. Jain & Jian Huang, 2023. "Proxy contests and debt contracting behavior: The interplay of managerial, shareholder and creditor incentives," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 50(9-10), pages 1867-1909, October.
    7. Ono, Arito & Suzuki, Katsushi & Uesugi, Iichiro, 2024. "When banks become pure creditors: The effects of declining shareholding by Japanese banks on bank lending and firms’ risk-taking," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    8. Tao Chen & Li Zhang & Qifei Zhu, 2023. "Dual Ownership and Risk-Taking Incentives in Managerial Compensation," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 27(5), pages 1823-1857.
    9. Cao, Mengyi & Xia, Qing, 2021. "Trust and use of covenants," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    10. Stefano Bonini & Ali Taatian, 2023. "Dual holding and bank risk," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 58(4), pages 735-763, November.
    11. Andriy Bodnaruk & Marco Rossi, 2021. "Shareholders as Creditors of First Resort," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(3), pages 1737-1757, March.
    12. Nguyen, Hien T. & Phan, Hieu V. & Vo, Hong, 2023. "Agency problems and corporate social responsibility: Evidence from shareholder-creditor mergers," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    13. Tang, Tian & Xu, Liang & Yan, Xinyan & Yang, Haoyi, 2022. "Simultaneous debt–equity holdings and corporate tax avoidance," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    14. Zhang, Chunqiang & Gao, Lu & Gao, Xi & Chan, Kam C., 2022. "Do underwriters with foreign shareholders help protect bond investors? Evidence from bond covenants in China," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    15. de Jong, Abe & Kooijmans, Tim & Veld, Chris, 2022. "Legal risk and information spillover through private lender reports," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    16. Zhao, Hong & Jin, Dawei & Li, Hui & Wang, Haizhi, 2021. "Affiliated bankers on board and firm environmental management: U.S. evidence," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    17. Björn Imbierowicz & Daniel Streitz, 2024. "Financial debt contracting and managerial agency problems," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 53(1), pages 99-118, March.
    18. Yang, Huan, 2021. "Institutional dual holdings and risk-shifting: Evidence from corporate innovation," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    19. Dutordoir, Marie & Pappas, Kostas & Xu, Alice Liang & Zeng, Cheng (Colin), 2023. "Covenants in convertible bonds: Boon or boilerplate?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    20. James R. Barth & Sunghoon Joo & Kang‐Bok Lee, 2022. "Bank–client cross‐ownership of bank stocks: A network analysis," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 45(2), pages 280-312, June.

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