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Why Do Demand Curves for Stocks Slope Down?

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  • Petajisto, Antti

Abstract

Representative agent models are inconsistent with existing empirical evidence for steep demand curves for individual stocks. This paper resolves the puzzle by proposing that stock prices are instead set by two separate classes of investors. While the market portfolio is still priced by individual investors based on their collective risk aversion, those individual investors also delegate part of their wealth to active money managers, who use that capital to price stocks in the cross section. In equilibrium, the fee charged by active managers has to equal the before-fee alpha they earn. This endogenously determines the amount of active capital and the slopes of demand curves. A calibration of the model reveals that demand curves can be steep enough to match the magnitude of many empirical findings, including the price effects for stocks entering or leaving the S&P 500 index.

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  • Petajisto, Antti, 2009. "Why Do Demand Curves for Stocks Slope Down?," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 44(5), pages 1013-1044, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:cup:jfinqa:v:44:y:2009:i:05:p:1013-1044_99
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    Cited by:

    1. Hackney, John & Henry, Tyler R. & Koski, Jennifer L., 2020. "Arbitrage vs. informed short selling: Evidence from convertible bond issuers," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    2. Roth Tran, Brigitte, 2015. "Divest, Disregard, or Double Down?," University of California at San Diego, Economics Working Paper Series qt1hw1k2ps, Department of Economics, UC San Diego.
    3. Gagnon, Louis & Andrew Karolyi, G., 2010. "Multi-market trading and arbitrage," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(1), pages 53-80, July.
    4. Ľuboš Pástor & Robert F. Stambaugh, 2012. "On the Size of the Active Management Industry," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 120(4), pages 740-781.
    5. Nicolae Gârleanu & Lasse Heje Pedersen, 2022. "Active and Passive Investing: Understanding Samuelson’s Dictum [A noisy rational expectations equilibrium for multi-asset securities markets]," The Review of Asset Pricing Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 12(2), pages 389-446.
    6. Carter Davis, 2023. "The Elasticity of Quantitative Investment," Papers 2303.14533, arXiv.org, revised Sep 2024.
    7. Terence C. Burnham & Harry Gakidis & Jeffrey Wurgler, 2017. "Investing in the Presence of Massive Flows: The Case of MSCI Country Reclassifications," NBER Working Papers 23557, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    8. Danbolt, Jo & Hirst, Ian & Jones, Edward, 2018. "Gaming the FTSE 100 index," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 50(4), pages 364-378.
    9. Hau, Harald, 2014. "The exchange rate effect of multi-currency risk arbitrage," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 304-331.
    10. Grégoire, Vincent, 2020. "The rise of passive investing and index-linked comovement," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    11. Ahluwalia, Eshan & Mishra, Ajay Kumar & Tripathy, Trilochan, 2020. "Institutional ownership, investor recognition and stock performance around index rebalancing: Evidence from Indian market," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    12. Petajisto, Antti, 2011. "The index premium and its hidden cost for index funds," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 18(2), pages 271-288, March.
    13. Elliott, William B. & Songur, Hilmi, 2016. "The role of arbitrage risk on the elasticity of demand: New evidence from 100% secondary equity offerings," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 19(C), pages 165-172.
    14. Mattia Landoni & Stephen P. Zeldes, 2020. "Should the Government be Paying Investment Fees on $3 Trillion of Tax-Deferred Retirement Assets?," NBER Working Papers 26700, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    15. Kumar, Rajnish & Lawrence, Edward R. & Prakash, Arun & Rodríguez, Iván M., 2023. "Additions to and deletions from the S&P 500 index: A resolution to the asymmetric price response puzzle," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    16. Luke Bouffler & Amy Kwan & Lantian Liang & Richard Philip, 2023. "Do uninformed traders move prices? Evidence from the Bank of Japan's ETF purchasing program," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 58(1), pages 5-18, February.
    17. Guillaume Coqueret, 2022. "Characteristics-driven returns in equilibrium," Papers 2203.07865, arXiv.org.
    18. Nico Katzke & Charlotte van Tiddens, 2019. "FTSE/JSE Index Migration: Testing for the Index Effect in Stocks Entering and Exiting the Top 40," Working Papers 10/2019, Stellenbosch University, Department of Economics.
    19. Hacıbedel, Burcu, 2014. "Does investor recognition matter for asset pricing?," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 21(C), pages 1-20.
    20. Calvet, Laurent E. & Betermier, Sebastien & Jo, Evan, 2019. "A Supply and Demand Approach to Equity Pricing," CEPR Discussion Papers 13974, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    21. Hong, Harrison & Kacperczyk, Marcin, 2009. "The price of sin: The effects of social norms on markets," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 93(1), pages 15-36, July.
    22. Robert F. Stambaugh, 2014. "Investment Noise and Trends," NBER Working Papers 20072, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    23. Terence C. Burnham & Harry Gakidis & Jeffrey Wurgler, 2017. "A Flexible and Customizable Method for Assessing Cognitive Abilities," Working Papers 17-10, Chapman University, Economic Science Institute.
    24. Ľuboš Pástor & Robert F. Stambaugh, 2012. "On the Size of the Active Management Industry," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 120(4), pages 740-781.
    25. Kin Ming Wong & Kwok Ping Tsang, 2023. "Inclusions and Exclusions of Stocks in Cross-Border Investments: The Case of Stock Connect," Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, Springer;Japanese Association of Financial Economics and Engineering, vol. 30(4), pages 701-727, December.

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