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Why Do IPO Underwriters Allocate Extra Shares when They Expect to Buy Them Back?

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  • Zhang, Donghang

Abstract

I argue that overallocation is used as a marketing strategy to increase the offer price and aftermarket price of an initial public offering (IPO). I show that, when there is weak demand, it can be optimal for the underwriter to oversell an issue and take a naked short position. The issuing firm benefits from a higher expected offer price. This is in spite of the fact that, in equilibrium, allocating more shares when there is weak demand requires greater underpricing when there is strong demand.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhang, Donghang, 2004. "Why Do IPO Underwriters Allocate Extra Shares when They Expect to Buy Them Back?," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 39(3), pages 571-594, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:cup:jfinqa:v:39:y:2004:i:03:p:571-594_00
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    Cited by:

    1. Santosh Anagol & Vimal Balasubramaniam & Tarun Ramadorai, 2018. "Endowment Effects in the Field: Evidence from India’s IPO Lotteries," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 85(4), pages 1971-2004.
    2. Radu BORES & Ana-Maria HLACIUC, 2016. "The Economics And Implications Of An Intial Public Offering," EcoForum, "Stefan cel Mare" University of Suceava, Romania, Faculty of Economics and Public Administration - Economy, Business Administration and Tourism Department., vol. 5(2), pages 1-29, July.
    3. Jay R. Ritter & Ivo Welch, 2002. "A Review of IPO Activity, Pricing, and Allocations," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(4), pages 1795-1828, August.
    4. Degeorge, F. & Derrien, F. & Womack, K.L., 2009. "Auctioned IPOs : The U.S. Evidence," Other publications TiSEM 6cd8cf41-8648-462e-bc6d-9, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    5. Laura Xiaolei Liu & Ann E. Sherman & Yong Zhang, 2014. "The Long-Run Role of the Media: Evidence from Initial Public Offerings," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 60(8), pages 1945-1964, August.
    6. Degeorge, François & Derrien, François & Womack, Kent L., 2010. "Auctioned IPOs: The US evidence," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 98(2), pages 177-194, November.
    7. Hao, Qing, 2007. "Laddering in initial public offerings," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 85(1), pages 102-122, July.
    8. Baker, Malcolm & Coval, Joshua & Stein, Jeremy C., 2007. "Corporate financing decisions when investors take the path of least resistance," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(2), pages 266-298, May.
    9. Griffin, John M. & Harris, Jeffrey H. & Topaloglu, Selim, 2007. "Why are IPO investors net buyers through lead underwriters?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 85(2), pages 518-551, August.
    10. Baker, Malcolm & Wurgler, Jeffrey, 2013. "Behavioral Corporate Finance: An Updated Survey," Handbook of the Economics of Finance, in: G.M. Constantinides & M. Harris & R. M. Stulz (ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Finance, volume 2, chapter 0, pages 357-424, Elsevier.
    11. Khelifa Mazouz & Sam Agyei-Ampomah & Brahim Saadouni & Shuxing Yin, 2013. "Stabilization and the aftermarket prices of initial public offerings," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 41(3), pages 417-439, October.
    12. Ritter, Jay R. & Zhang, Donghang, 2007. "Affiliated mutual funds and the allocation of initial public offerings," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 86(2), pages 337-368, November.
    13. Arnab Bhattacharya & Binay Bhushan Chakrabarti & Chinmoy Ghosh & Milena Petrova, 2020. "Innovations in financing: The impact of anchor investors in Indian IPOs," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 26(4), pages 1059-1106, September.
    14. Antonio Gledson de Carvalho & Joao Amaro de Matos & Douglas Beserra Pinheiro & Marcio de Sa Mello, 2015. "Conflicts of interest in the underwriting of IPOs and price stabilization," Nova SBE Working Paper Series wp596, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Nova School of Business and Economics.
    15. Eom, Chanyoung, 2018. "Institutional bidding behaviors during IPO bookbuilding: Evidence from Korea," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 413-427.
    16. Bessembinder, Hendrik & Jacobsen, Stacey & Maxwell, William & Venkataraman, Kumar, 2022. "Overallocation and secondary market outcomes in corporate bond offerings," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 146(2), pages 444-474.
    17. Trauten, Andreas, 2004. "Zur Effizienz von Wertpapieremissionen über Internetplattformen," Working Papers 8, University of Münster, Competence Center Internet Economy and Hybrid Systems, European Research Center for Information Systems (ERCIS).
    18. Gao, Xiaohui & Ritter, Jay R., 2010. "The marketing of seasoned equity offerings," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(1), pages 33-52, July.

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