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Markets, Technology, and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh-Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry

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  • Hartwell, Robert

Abstract

From about 750 to 1100, China experienced a series of economic changes roughly comparable to the subsequent patterns of European growth from the Crusades to the eve of the French Revolution. The spread in the use of money, development of new credit and fiscal institutions, increase in interregional and international trade, and colonization of hitherto marginal land which took place in the Occident during the half millennium preceding the Reformation was paralleled by an earlier era of progress in East Asia during the two-hundred-fifty years from the rebellion of An Lu-shan (755) to the treaty of Shan-yüan 1004). And the achievements of late sixteenthand early seventeenth-century England, which John Nef terms an “early industrial revolution,” were in many respects even exceeded by the impressive expansion of mining and manufacturing in eleventh-century China.

Suggested Citation

  • Hartwell, Robert, 1966. "Markets, Technology, and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh-Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry," The Journal of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 26(1), pages 29-58, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:cup:jechis:v:26:y:1966:i:01:p:29-58_06
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    Cited by:

    1. Broadberry, Stephen & Wallis, John, 2017. "Growing, Shrinking and Long Run Economic Performance: Historical Perspectives on Economic Development," CEPR Discussion Papers 11973, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    2. Broadberry, Stephen & Guan, Hanhui & Li, David Daokui, 2018. "China, Europe, and the Great Divergence: A Study in Historical National Accounting, 980–1850," The Journal of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 78(4), pages 955-1000, December.
    3. Ronald Findlay, 2018. "Asia and the world economy in historical perspective," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2018-85, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    4. ., 2013. "The Needham Puzzle, the Weber Question and China's Miracle: Long Term Performance since the Sung Dynasty," Chapters, in: D. S.P. Rao & Bart van Ark (ed.), World Economic Performance, chapter 3, pages 42-87, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    5. Broadberry, Stephen & Guan, Hanhui, 2022. "Regional variation of GDP per head within China, 1080-1850: Implications for the Great Divergence debate," CEPR Discussion Papers 17457, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    6. Zan, Luca & Deng, Kent, 2017. "Micro foundations in the Great Divergence debate: opening up a new perspective," Economic History Working Papers 68944, London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Economic History.
    7. Deng, Kent & Shen, Jim Huangnan, 2019. "From state resource allocation to a 'low-level equilibrium trap': re-evaluation of economic performance of Mao's China, 1949-78," Economic History Working Papers 101127, London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Economic History.
    8. Prescott, Edward C, 1998. "Needed: A Theory of Total Factor Productivity," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 39(3), pages 525-551, August.
    9. David S. Landes, 2006. "Why Europe and the West? Why Not China?," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 20(2), pages 3-22, Spring.
    10. Deng, Kent, 2000. "Great leaps backward: poverty under Mao," Economic History Working Papers 652, London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Economic History.
    11. Deng, Kent & Shen, Jim Huangnan, 2019. "From state resource allocation to a 'low-level equilibrium trap': re-evaluation of economic performance of Mao's China, 1949-78," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 101127, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    12. Ronald Findlay, 2018. "Asia and the world economy in historical perspective," WIDER Working Paper Series 85, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    13. James Kai-sing Kung, 2022. "On the Origins and Persistent Effects of the World’s First Meritocratic Institution," Comparative Economic Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Association for Comparative Economic Studies, vol. 64(4), pages 563-581, December.
    14. Ligang Song & Haimin Liu, 2012. "Steel industry development and transformation in China: an overview," Chapters, in: Ligang Song & Haimin Liu (ed.), The Chinese Steel Industry’s Transformation, chapter 1, pages 1-16, Edward Elgar Publishing.

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