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“Draining the Sea”: Mass Killing and Guerrilla Warfare

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  • Valentino, Benjamin
  • Huth, Paul
  • Balch-Lindsay, Dylan

Abstract

Why do some wars result in the intentional killing of large numbers of civilians? In this article we examine the incidence of mass killing in all wars from 1945 to 2000. In the statistical analysis of our data set of 147 wars, we find strong evidence supporting our hypothesis that mass killing is often a calculated military strategy used by regimes attempting to defeat major guerrilla insurgencies. Unlike conventional military forces, guerrilla armies often rely directly on the local civilian population for logistical support. Because guerrilla forces are difficult to defeat directly, governments facing major guerrilla insurgencies have strong incentives to target the guerrillas' civilian base of support. We find that mass killing is significantly more likely during guerrilla wars than during other kinds of wars. In addition, we find that the likelihood of mass killing among guerrilla conflicts is greatly increased when the guerrillas receive high levels of active support from the local population or when the insurgency poses a major military threat to the regime.For their helpful comments on previous versions of this article the authors thank Bear Braumoeller, Alex Downes, Jim Fearon, Hazem Goborah, Stathis Kalyvas, Gary King, Will Lowe, Matthew Krain, Lisa Martin, Manus Midlarsky, Bruce Russett, Nicholas Sambanis, Naunihal Singh, Abdulkader Sinno, Allan Stam, Jeremy Weinstein, and the anonymous reviewers of International Organization. We are also grateful to Wolfgang Moehler for his research assistance. Our coauthor Dylan Balch-Lindsay was killed in an automobile accident on 1 September 2002, cutting short a promising career. He was a gifted young scholar, without whom this article would not have been possible. He is sorely missed by his friends and colleagues. Donations in his name can be sent to the Dylan Balch-Lindsay Memorial Fund for Graduate Education/Foundation of the University of New Mexico, c/o Carol Brown, Department of Political Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-1121.

Suggested Citation

  • Valentino, Benjamin & Huth, Paul & Balch-Lindsay, Dylan, 2004. "“Draining the Sea”: Mass Killing and Guerrilla Warfare," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 58(2), pages 375-407, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:cup:intorg:v:58:y:2004:i:02:p:375-407_58
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    Cited by:

    1. Reed M Wood, 2010. "Rebel capability and strategic violence against civilians," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 47(5), pages 601-614, September.
    2. Diego Alburez-Gutierrez, 2021. "The demographic drivers of grief and memory after genocide in Guatemala," MPIDR Working Papers WP-2021-003, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.
    3. repec:kap:iaecre:v:15:y:2009:i:3:p:351-361 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. Karin Johansson & Mehwish Sarwari, 2019. "Sexual violence and biased military interventions in civil conflict1," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 36(5), pages 469-493, September.
    5. Miles Kahler, 2011. "Legitimacy, humanitarian intervention, and international institutions," Politics, Philosophy & Economics, , vol. 10(1), pages 20-45, February.
    6. Brandon Ives & Jori Breslawski, 2022. "Greed, grievance, or graduates? Why do men rebel?," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 59(3), pages 319-336, May.
    7. Abbey Steele, 2018. "IDP resettlement and collective targeting during civil wars," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 55(6), pages 810-824, November.
    8. Hanne Fjelde & Lisa Hultman & Livia Schubiger & Lars-Erik Cederman & Simon Hug & Margareta Sollenberg, 2021. "Introducing the Ethnic One-Sided Violence dataset," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 38(1), pages 109-126, January.
    9. McDoom, Omar Shahabudin, 2012. "Predicting violence within genocides: meso-level evidence from Rwanda," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 48112, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    10. Syropoulos, Constantinos & Zylkin, Thomas, 2015. "The Problem of Peace: A Story of Corruption, Destruction, and Rebellion," School of Economics Working Paper Series 2015-5, LeBow College of Business, Drexel University.
    11. Daniel Krcmaric, 2018. "Varieties of civil war and mass killing," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 55(1), pages 18-31, January.
    12. Alexander B. Downes, 2007. "Restraint or Propellant? Democracy and Civilian Fatalities in Interstate Wars," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 51(6), pages 872-904, December.
    13. Ji Yeon Hong & Woo Chang Kang, 2017. "Trauma and stigma: The long-term effects of wartime violence on political attitudes," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 34(3), pages 264-286, May.
    14. Lucy Hovil & Eric Werker, 2005. "Portrait of a Failed Rebellion," Rationality and Society, , vol. 17(1), pages 5-34, February.
    15. Böhmelt Tobias & Dworschak Christoph & Pilster Ulrich & Walterskirchen Julian, 2020. "A Cross-National Analysis of Forced Population Resettlement in Counterinsurgency Campaigns," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 26(1), pages 1-13, February.
    16. Boryslav Brekhov, 2016. "Demokratischer Wirtschaftsfrieden," Potsdam Economic Papers 05, Universität Potsdam, Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Fakultät.
    17. Margarita Konaev & Kirstin J.H. Brathwaite, 2019. "Dangerous neighborhoods: State behavior and the spread of ethnic conflict," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 36(5), pages 447-468, September.
    18. Shanna A. Kirschner, 2010. "Knowing Your Enemy: Information and Commitment Problems in Civil Wars," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 54(5), pages 745-770, October.
    19. Nam Kyu Kim, 2018. "Revolutionary Leaders and Mass Killing," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 62(2), pages 289-317, February.
    20. Anastasia Shesterinina, 2022. "Between victory and statehood: Armed violence in post-war Abkhazia," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2022-137, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    21. M Christian Lehmann, 2023. "Foreign interests and state repression: Theory and evidence from the Armenian genocide," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 60(2), pages 307-321, March.

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