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Schema Theory: An Information Processing Model of Perception and Cognition

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  • Axelrod, Robert

Abstract

The world is complex, and yet people are able to make some sense out of it. This paper offers an information-processing model to describe this aspect of perception and cognition. The model assumes that a person receives information which is less than perfect in terms of its completeness, its accuracy, and its reliability. The model provides a dynamic description of how a person evaluates this kind of information about a case, how he selects one of his pre-existing patterns (called schemata) with which to interpret the case, and how he uses the interpretation to modify and extend his beliefs about the case. It also describes how this process allows the person to make the internal adjustments which will serve as feedback for the interpretation of future information. A wide variety of evidence from experimental and social psychology is cited to support the decisions which went into constructing the separate parts of the schema theory, and further evidence is cited supporting the theory's system-level predictions. Since the schema theory allows for (but does not assume) the optimization of its parameters, it is also used as a framework for a normative analysis of the selection of schemata. Finally, a few illustrations from international relations and especially foreign-policy formation show that this model of how people make sense out of a complex world can be directly relevant to the study of important political processes.

Suggested Citation

  • Axelrod, Robert, 1973. "Schema Theory: An Information Processing Model of Perception and Cognition," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 67(4), pages 1248-1266, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:cup:apsrev:v:67:y:1973:i:04:p:1248-1266_14
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    Cited by:

    1. Kristan Cockerill & Pierre Glynn & Estefania Santamaria Cerrutti & John C. Little, 2024. "Knowledge sources, narratives, and living in social-ecological systems," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 29(6), pages 1-23, August.
    2. Xia, Shouzhi, 2024. "Knowing more, worrying less? Internet use eases public concern about immigrant cultural threat," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    3. Benjamin D. Nye, 2014. "Cognitive modeling of socially transmitted affordances: a computational model of behavioral adoption tested against archival data from the Stanford Prison Experiment," Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory, Springer, vol. 20(3), pages 302-337, September.
    4. Breugelmans, Els & Köhler, Clemens F. & Dellaert, Benedict G.C. & de Ruyter, Ko, 2012. "Promoting Interactive Decision Aids on Retail Websites: A Message Framing Perspective with New versus Traditional Focal Actions," Journal of Retailing, Elsevier, vol. 88(2), pages 226-235.
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    7. Zhongming Wang & Yixuan Shao, 2022. "Decide to Take Entrepreneurial Action: Role of Entrepreneurial Cognitive Schema on Cognitive Process of Exploiting Entrepreneurial Opportunity," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-20, April.
    8. Schweisfurth, Tim G. & Raasch, Christina, 2018. "Absorptive capacity for need knowledge: Antecedents and effects for employee innovativeness," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(4), pages 687-699.
    9. Sanz-Hernández, Alexia, 2019. "Social engagement and socio-genesis of energy poverty as a problem in Spain," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 286-296.
    10. Ryan Armstrong & Guillermo Jiménez, 2022. "Micro-Skills for Learning Soft Systems Methodology? Challenges and Opportunities in an Undergraduate Dissertation Project," Systemic Practice and Action Research, Springer, vol. 35(6), pages 831-853, December.
    11. Youtie, Jan & Bozeman, Barry & Jabbehdari, Sahra & Kao, Andrew, 2017. "Credibility and use of scientific and technical information in policy making: An analysis of the information bases of the National Research Council’s committee reports," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(1), pages 108-120.
    12. Michael Ensley & Scott Marchi & Michael Munger, 2007. "Candidate uncertainty, mental models, and complexity: Some experimental results," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 132(1), pages 231-246, July.
    13. Jeremy S. Wolter & Dora E. Bock & Christopher D. Hopkins & Michael Giebelhausen, 2022. "Not the relationship type? Loyalty propensity as a reason to maintain marketing relationships," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Springer, vol. 50(5), pages 1052-1070, September.
    14. Schweisfurth, Tim G. & Raasch, Christina, 2018. "Absorptive Capacity for Need Knowledge: Antecedents and Effects for Employee Innovativeness," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 47(4), pages 687-699.

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