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Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der europäischen Wirtschaft: Ziehen die USA davon?

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  • Wolfgang Gerstenberger

Abstract

Gemessen am erwirtschafteten Pro-Kopf-Einkommen und Beschäftigungsgrad, den gängigen Indikatoren für die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit einer Wirtschaft aus gesamtwirtschaftlicher Sicht, liegt die europäische Wirtschaft seit langem deutlich hinter der amerikanischen Wirtschaft zurück. Im Gegensatz zu den vorangegangenen vierzig Jahren, in denen ein klarer Aufholprozess Europas und Japans zu verzeichnen war, hat sich die Schere in den neunziger Jahren weiter geöffnet. Der wachsende Rückstand in der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit hängt nicht primär mit der überlegenen Fähigkeit der amerikanischen Wirtschaft zusammen, Arbeitsplätze zu schaffen, der Umschwung wurde vielmehr dadurch herbeigeführt, dass die amerikanische Industrie es vermochte, die Arbeitsproduktivität stärker als ihre Konkurrenten in Europa und Japan zu erhöhen. Zum einen profitierten die Vereinigten Staaten von ihrem Vorsprung bei der Nutzung der digitalen Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik gegenüber Japan und Europa. Die IuK-Industrien sind in den USA am weitesten entwickelt. In den IuK-Industrien ist das Produktivitätswachstum hoch und hat sich nachweisbar beschleunigt. Wegen des großen Gewichts dieses Sektors trug dies zur Beschleunigung des gesamtwirtschaftlichen Produktivitätswachstums in den Vereinigten Staaten bei. Zum anderen hatten Europa und Japan Wachstumsstörungen im Gefolge von externen Schocks zu verzeichnen, die sich dämpfend auf das Produktivitätswachstum auswirkten. Europa war schon wegen der engeren wirtschaftlichen und politischen Verflechtungen stärker vom Zusammenbruch des sowjetischen Wirtschaftssystem betroffen als die USA. Wegen des relativ unflexiblen Arbeits- und Kapitalmarktes konnten diese und andere Schocks zudem von der europäischen Wirtschaft weniger gut verarbeitet werden. Mangelnde Flexibilität und in den neunziger Jahren noch wirksame Marktzugangsbeschränkungen wirkten sich außerdem hemmend beim Aufbau der "New Economy" in Eu

Suggested Citation

  • Wolfgang Gerstenberger, 2001. "Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der europäischen Wirtschaft: Ziehen die USA davon?," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 54(02), pages 19-27, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:ces:ifosdt:v:54:y:2001:i:02:p:19-27
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Giuseppe Nicoletti & Stefano Scarpetta & Olivier Boylaud, 2000. "Summary Indicators of Product Market Regulation with an Extension to Employment Protection Legislation," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 226, OECD Publishing.
    2. Wolfgang Ochel, 1999. "Frühverrentung: International "aus der Mode gekommen"," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 52(32-33), pages 35-38, December.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Vereinigte Staaten; Europa; Internationale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • P52 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Comparative Economic Systems - - - Comparative Studies of Particular Economies

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