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India's International Reserves: How Large and How Diversified?

Author

Listed:
  • Rajan Ramkishen S

    (George Mason University and Institute of South East Asian Studies)

  • Gopalan Sasidaran

    (George Mason University)

Abstract

Asymmetric foreign exchange intervention by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has resulted in a sustained accretion of India's foreign exchange reserves. The reserve buildup in India has certainly been impressive, rising from around US$5-6 million in 1991, to nearly US$300 billion in mid 2008. In addition to addressing the issues of reserve adequacy, this paper examines the forms the reserves have taken (asset and currency composition), and the extent to which India's reserve holdings are diversified.The issue of reserve adequacy was made apparent during the 1990s and early 2000 when rapid reserve depletion became a defining and determining feature of the series of currency crises that hit emerging economies. In order to assess the adequacy of India's stock of international reserves, the paper considers a few standard measures used in literature and finds that India's reserve stock is more than adequate, placing them in a much better position than many other emerging economies.The paper goes on to examine the asset and currency composition of such reserves. More than 50 percent of India's reserve holdings have been in the form of foreign currencies and deposits as cash, followed by investments in foreign securities and gold deposits, in that order, reflecting a high degree of risk aversion by the RBI in the management of the reserves.While data on asset composition are available, the currency composition of reserves is a well-guarded secret. Hence the paper undertakes some simulation exercises to arrive at some reasonable guesstimates of such a composition. The paper also makes use of the Treasury International Capital Reporting System (TIC) data to track India's investments in the U.S. securities, thereby assessing the weight of U.S. dollar assets in India's reserve holdings.

Suggested Citation

  • Rajan Ramkishen S & Gopalan Sasidaran, 2010. "India's International Reserves: How Large and How Diversified?," Global Economy Journal, De Gruyter, vol. 10(3), pages 1-18, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:bpj:glecon:v:10:y:2010:i:3:n:6
    DOI: 10.2202/1524-5861.1623
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ila Patnaik & Ajay Shah, 2009. "The difficulties of the Chinese and Indian exchange rate regimes," European Journal of Comparative Economics, Cattaneo University (LIUC), vol. 6(1), pages 157-173, June.
    2. Graham Bird & Ramkishen Rajan, 2003. "Too Much of a Good Thing? The Adequacy of International Reserves in the Aftermath of Crises," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(6), pages 873-891, June.
    3. Carmen M. Reinhart & Graciela L. Kaminsky, 1999. "The Twin Crises: The Causes of Banking and Balance-of-Payments Problems," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 89(3), pages 473-500, June.
    4. Rajan, Ramkishen, 2009. "Monetary, Investment, and Trade Issues in India," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780195699951.
    5. Carmen M. Reinhart & Graciela L. Kaminsky, 1999. "The Twin Crises: The Causes of Banking and Balance-of-Payments Problems," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 89(3), pages 473-500, June.
    6. Ramachandran, M. & Srinivasan, Naveen, 2007. "Asymmetric exchange rate intervention and international reserve accumulation in India," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 94(2), pages 259-265, February.
    7. Mr. Christian B. Mulder & Mr. Matthieu Bussière, 1999. "External Vulnerability in Emerging Market Economies: How High Liquidity Can Offset Weak Fundamentals and the Effects of Contagion," IMF Working Papers 1999/088, International Monetary Fund.
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    Cited by:

    1. Abhijit Sen Gupta & Ganesh Manjhi, 2012. "Negotiating the Trilemma: The Indian Experience," Global Economy Journal (GEJ), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 12(1), pages 1-21, March.
    2. Aviral Kumar Tiwari & Phouphet Kyophilavong, 2017. "Exchange Rates and International Reserves in India," South Asia Economic Journal, Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka, vol. 18(1), pages 76-93, March.
    3. Tony Cavoli & Ramkishen S. Rajan, 2013. "South Asian Exchange Rates Regimes: Fixed, Flexible or Something In-between?," South Asia Economic Journal, Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka, vol. 14(1), pages 1-15, March.
    4. Amrendra Kumar & Vikash Gautam, 2017. "Gold as inflation and exchange rate hedge: The case of India," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 37(2), pages 1168-1175.

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