IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bpj/econoa/v18y2024i1p12n1.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Examining the Effects of Trade Liberalisation Using a Gravity Model Approach

Author

Listed:
  • Sertić Martina Basarac

    (Economic Research Division, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ante Kovačića 5, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Vučković Valentina

    (Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb, Trg J. F. Kennedyja 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Andabaka Ana

    (Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb, Trg J. F. Kennedyja 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia)

Abstract

The main objective of this article is to study the impact of trade liberalisation in Croatia as one of the first structural reforms being implemented, covering the period from 2000 to 2021. The panel data model was specified using a two-step system generalised method of moment estimator. The obtained results show that trade liberalisation measured through the specific indices encompassing a broader set of both tariff and non-tariff barriers, size of the trade sector, freedom of foreign exchange market, and capital controls positively impacted export performance. The results also showed a negative and statistically significant effect of remoteness on trade, confirming that geographical distance is an essential indicator of transportation costs. The coefficient for Schengen accession was positive and statistically significant, indicating that the Schengen agreement has boosted exports and that we can expect the same for Croatia, especially in the context of simultaneous accession to the Eurozone and the Schengen area on 1 January 2023.

Suggested Citation

  • Sertić Martina Basarac & Vučković Valentina & Andabaka Ana, 2024. "Examining the Effects of Trade Liberalisation Using a Gravity Model Approach," Economics - The Open-Access, Open-Assessment Journal, De Gruyter, vol. 18(1), pages 1-12, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:bpj:econoa:v:18:y:2024:i:1:p:12:n:1
    DOI: 10.1515/econ-2022-0061
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1515/econ-2022-0061
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1515/econ-2022-0061?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hansen, Lars Peter, 1982. "Large Sample Properties of Generalized Method of Moments Estimators," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 50(4), pages 1029-1054, July.
    2. Thomas Chaney, 2008. "Distorted Gravity: The Intensive and Extensive Margins of International Trade," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 98(4), pages 1707-1721, September.
    3. Arellano, Manuel & Bover, Olympia, 1995. "Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 68(1), pages 29-51, July.
    4. Yotov, Yoto V., 2012. "A simple solution to the distance puzzle in international trade," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 117(3), pages 794-798.
    5. David Roodman, 2009. "How to do xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata," Stata Journal, StataCorp LP, vol. 9(1), pages 86-136, March.
    6. James E. Anderson & Eric van Wincoop, 2003. "Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 93(1), pages 170-192, March.
    7. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/6apm7lruv088iagm4rv2c33jtg is not listed on IDEAS
    8. Matthieu Bussière & Jarko Fidrmuc & Bernd Schnatz, 2005. "Trade Integration of Central and Eastern European Countries: Lessons from a Gravity Model," Working Papers 105, Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Austrian Central Bank).
    9. Marc J. Melitz & Giancarlo I. P. Ottaviano, 2021. "Market Size, Trade, and Productivity," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Firms and Workers in a Globalized World Larger Markets, Tougher Competition, chapter 4, pages 87-108, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
    10. Marc J. Melitz & Gianmarco I. P. Ottaviano, 2008. "Market Size, Trade, and Productivity (DOI:10.111/j.1467-937x.2007.00463.x)," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 75(3), pages 985-985.
    11. Robert J. Sonora, 2014. "All Economic Freedom Is Not Created Equal: Evidence From A Gravity Model," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 32(1), pages 30-41, January.
    12. Campos, Rodolfo G. & Timini, Jacopo & Vidal, Elena, 2021. "Structural gravity and trade agreements: Does the measurement of domestic trade matter?," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 208(C).
    13. Emla Fitzsimons & Vincent Hogan & J. Peter Neary, 1999. "Explaining the Volume of North-South Trade in Ireland - A Gravity Model Approach," The Economic and Social Review, Economic and Social Studies, vol. 30(4), pages 381-401.
    14. Gnangnon, Sena Kimm, 2018. "Multilateral Trade Liberalization and Economic Growth," Journal of Economic Integration, Center for Economic Integration, Sejong University, vol. 33(2), pages 1261-1301.
    15. Blundell, Richard & Bond, Stephen, 1998. "Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 87(1), pages 115-143, August.
    16. Stojčić, Nebojša & Vojinić, Perica & Aralica, Zoran, 2018. "Trade liberalization and export transformation in new EU member states," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 114-126.
    17. Chen, Natalie & Novy, Dennis, 2011. "Gravity, trade integration, and heterogeneity across industries," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 85(2), pages 206-221.
    18. Bergstrand, Jeffrey H, 1989. "The Generalized Gravity Equation, Monopolistic Competition, and the Factor-Proportions Theory in International Trade," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 71(1), pages 143-153, February.
    19. Kristian Orsini, 2017. "What Drives Croatia's High Import Dependence?," European Economy - Economic Briefs 029, Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN), European Commission.
    20. Bergstrand, Jeffrey H, 1990. "The Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson Model, the Linder Hypothesis and the Determinants of Bilateral Intra-industry Trade," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 100(403), pages 1216-1229, December.
    21. Julia Spornberger, 2022. "EU integration and structural gravity: A comprehensive quantification of the border effect on trade," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(4), pages 915-938, September.
    22. Howard J. Wall, 1999. "Using the gravity model to estimate the costs of protection," Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, issue Jan, pages 33-40.
    23. Anderson, James E, 1979. "A Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Equation," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 69(1), pages 106-116, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Anderson, James E. & Yotov, Yoto V., 2020. "Short run gravity," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    2. Güzin Bayar, 2018. "Estimating export equations: a survey of the literature," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 54(2), pages 629-672, March.
    3. Kareem, Fatima Olanike & Martinez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada & Brümmer, Bernhard, 2016. "Fitting the Gravity Model when Zero Trade Flows are Frequent: a Comparison of Estimation Techniques using Africa's Trade Data," GlobalFood Discussion Papers 230588, Georg-August-Universitaet Goettingen, GlobalFood, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development.
    4. Chen, Natalie & Novy, Dennis, 2011. "Gravity, trade integration, and heterogeneity across industries," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 85(2), pages 206-221.
    5. Ray Barrell & Abdulkader Nahhas, 2022. "Regional integration and bilateral FDI stocks in the OECD," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(3), pages 3032-3050, July.
    6. Head, Keith & Mayer, Thierry, 2014. "Gravity Equations: Workhorse,Toolkit, and Cookbook," Handbook of International Economics, in: Gopinath, G. & Helpman, . & Rogoff, K. (ed.), Handbook of International Economics, edition 1, volume 4, chapter 0, pages 131-195, Elsevier.
    7. Barrell, Ray & Nahhas, Abdulkader, 2018. "Economic integration and bilateral FDI stocks: the impacts of NAFTA and the EU," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 90372, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    8. Rahman, Mizanur, 2008. "The Impact of a Common Currency on East Asian Production Networks and China’s Exports Behavior," MPRA Paper 13931, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Vicarelli, Claudio & De Santis, Roberta & De Nardis, Sergio, 2008. "The Single Currency's Effects on Eurozone Sectoral Trade: Winners and Losers?," Economics - The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal (2007-2020), Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel), vol. 2, pages 1-34.
    10. Dennis Novy, 2013. "Gravity Redux: Measuring International Trade Costs With Panel Data," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 51(1), pages 101-121, January.
    11. Yoto V. Yotov, 2024. "The evolution of structural gravity: The workhorse model of trade," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 42(4), pages 578-603, October.
    12. Jacks, David S. & Meissner, Christopher M. & Novy, Dennis, 2011. "Trade booms, trade busts, and trade costs," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(2), pages 185-201, March.
    13. Richard Frensch & Jan Hanousek & Evžen Kocenda, 2012. "Incomplete Specialization and Offshoring across Europe," CESifo Working Paper Series 3809, CESifo.
    14. Sunil Dash, 2024. "In the Gains from Trade as Firms Matter, So Do Their Sizes," Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, National Council of Applied Economic Research, vol. 18(1-2), pages 134-159, February.
    15. Kenichi Kashiwagi & Erraach Yamna & Lamia Arfa & Lokman Zaibet, 2020. "Growing Olive Oil Export and Intra-Industry Trade in Mediterranean Countries: Application of Gravity Model," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-16, August.
    16. Karel Janda & Eva Michalikova & Jiri Skuhrovec, 2013. "Credit Support for Export: Robust Evidence from the Czech Republic," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(12), pages 1588-1610, December.
    17. Costinot, Arnaud & Rodríguez-Clare, Andrés, 2014. "Trade Theory with Numbers: Quantifying the Consequences of Globalization," Handbook of International Economics, in: Gopinath, G. & Helpman, . & Rogoff, K. (ed.), Handbook of International Economics, edition 1, volume 4, chapter 0, pages 197-261, Elsevier.
    18. Rodolfo G. Campos & Benedikt Heid & Jacopo Timini, 2024. "The Economic Consequences of Geopolitical Fragmentation: Evidence from the Cold War," CESifo Working Paper Series 11057, CESifo.
    19. Sithanonxay SUVANNAPHAKDY & Toshihisa TOYODA & Chris CZERKAWSKI, 2011. "Enhancing Trade Flows in ASEAN Plus Six," Applied Econometrics and International Development, Euro-American Association of Economic Development, vol. 11(2).
    20. Novy, Dennis, 2013. "International trade without CES: Estimating translog gravity," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(2), pages 271-282.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    international trade; European Union; Schengen; Croatia; GMM;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F43 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - Economic Growth of Open Economies
    • F53 - International Economics - - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy - - - International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations
    • F62 - International Economics - - Economic Impacts of Globalization - - - Macroeconomic Impacts

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bpj:econoa:v:18:y:2024:i:1:p:12:n:1. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Peter Golla (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.degruyter.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.