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Revisiting the gender gap in CEO compensation: Replication and extension of Hill, Upadhyay, and Beekun's (2015) work on CEO gender pay gap

Author

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  • Vishal K. Gupta
  • Sandra C. Mortal
  • Xiaohu Guo

Abstract

Research Summary: The increasing number of women chief executives motivates considerable interest in examining possible gender differences in CEO compensation. Recently, Hill, Upadhyay and Beekun reported that female CEOs receive greater compensation than male CEOs, which runs counter to common wisdom that the gender pay gap in the labor market favors men over women. With the goal of contributing to cumulative knowledge development in this area, we seek to reexamine Hill et al.'s finding about gender differences in CEO compensation by extending the analyses further in time, using a larger sample of firms and more rigorous empirical analyses. Our findings, which are robust to different statistical procedures and econometric specifications, do not reveal reliable evidence for differences in compensation paid to male and female CEOs. Managerial Summary: For years, a lively debate has centered on the issue of gender pay gap. The ubiquity of the pay gap between men and women has recently been questioned by Hill et al. who identify the chief executive officer (CEO) role as a workplace position where women receive greater compensation than men. Our investigation examines whether women CEOs are indeed compensated substantively more than male CEOs. We seek to replicate earlier work by Hill and colleagues, using an expanded dataset over a longer period of time and with more rigorous analytical tools. We do not find reliable evidence for a difference in compensation paid to male and female CEOs, suggesting that claims about gender gap in CEO compensation favoring women over men may be premature.

Suggested Citation

  • Vishal K. Gupta & Sandra C. Mortal & Xiaohu Guo, 2018. "Revisiting the gender gap in CEO compensation: Replication and extension of Hill, Upadhyay, and Beekun's (2015) work on CEO gender pay gap," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(7), pages 2036-2050, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:stratm:v:39:y:2018:i:7:p:2036-2050
    DOI: 10.1002/smj.2905
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    Cited by:

    1. Guo, Xiaohu & Gupta, Vishal K. & Jackson, William E. & Mortal, Sandra C., 2021. "Is there a racial gap in CEO compensation?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    2. Feng, Cong & Xiang, Kexin, 2023. "Structural power of female executives and retailer profitability: A contingent resource-based perspective," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    3. Ahmed, Shaker & Ranta, Mikko & Vähämaa, Emilia & Vähämaa, Sami, 2023. "Facial attractiveness and CEO compensation: Evidence from the banking industry," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 123(C).
    4. Gema Gutierrez-Romero & Antonio Blanco-Oliver & Mª Teresa Montero-Romero & Mariano Carbonero-Ruz, 2021. "The Impact of CEOs’ Gender on Organisational Efficiency in the Public Sector: Evidence from the English NHS," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-15, February.
    5. Arturs Kalnins & Michele Williams, 2021. "The geography of female small business survivorship: Examining the roles of proportional representation and stakeholders," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 42(7), pages 1247-1274, July.
    6. Paola Belingheri & Filippo Chiarello & Andrea Fronzetti Colladon & Paola Rovelli, 2021. "Twenty years of gender equality research: A scoping review based on a new semantic indicatorr," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(9), pages 1-27, September.
    7. Tani, Massimiliano & Valentine, Andrew & Sharpe, Kieran, 2022. "The Gender Pay Gap in the CEOs' Labor Market," IZA Discussion Papers 15781, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    8. Javakhadze, David & Shelton, Austin, 2022. "Executive social connections and gender pay gaps," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    9. Homroy, Swarnodeep & Mukherjee, Shibashish, 2021. "The role of employer learning and regulatory interventions in mitigating executive gender pay gap," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    10. Raina, Gurdeep Singh & Sahaym, Arvin & Sheppard, Leah D., 2024. "The more the merrier? Exploring the effect of women on boards on the gender pay gap in top management teams," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
    11. Francis, Bill B. & Hasan, Iftekhar & Hovakimian, Gayane & Sharma, Zenu, 2023. "Gender pay gap in American CFOs: Theory and evidence," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    12. Peng Wang & Bin Liu & Andrew Delios & Gongming Qian, 2023. "Two-sided effects of state equity: The survival of Sino–foreign IJVs," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 54(1), pages 107-127, February.
    13. Jain, Shalini Sarin & Fernando, Guy D. & Tripathy, Arindam & Bhatia, Sandhya, 2021. "Closing the gender gap in top management teams: An examination of diversity and compensation parity in family and non-family firms," Journal of Family Business Strategy, Elsevier, vol. 12(4).
    14. , Aisdl, 2021. "The Impact of CEOs’ Gender on Organisational Efficiency in the Public Sector: Evidence from the English NHS," OSF Preprints mhcxv, Center for Open Science.
    15. Elkinawy, Susan & Hibbert, Ann Marie & Talukdar, Bakhtear, 2023. "Gender differences in CEO risk tolerance: A look at fixed pay," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).

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