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Second‐Generation Immigrants? The “2.5 Generation” in the United States

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  • S. Karthick Ramakrishnan

Abstract

Objective. This article takes issue with the way that second‐generation immigrants have been traditionally defined. In most studies, respondents are considered to be “second generation” if they are born in the United States and if at least one of their parents was born outside the United States. This article considers whether the experiences and outcomes of those with one U.S.‐born parent and one foreign‐born parent (the “2.5 generation”) are different from those with no U.S.‐born parents (the “2.0 generation”) and those with two native‐born parents (the “third generation”). Methods. The article analyzes data from the March Current Population Survey (CPS) from 1999 to 2001. Results. The evidence indicates that the 2.5 generation is a numerically significant population, and that it varies from other groups in age structure, racial identification, educational attainment, and income. Conclusions. In studying the U.S.‐born children of immigrants, scholars should avoid lumping together the 2.5 generation with those who have no native‐born parents. The members of the 2.5 generation also should be treated as distinct from those born in the United States to two native‐born parents.

Suggested Citation

  • S. Karthick Ramakrishnan, 2004. "Second‐Generation Immigrants? The “2.5 Generation” in the United States," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 85(2), pages 380-399, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:socsci:v:85:y:2004:i:2:p:380-399
    DOI: 10.1111/j.0038-4941.2004.08502013.x
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    1. Joel Perlmann, "undated". "Young Mexican Americans, Blacks, and Whites in Recent Years: Schooling and Teen Motherhood as Indicators of Strengths and Risks," Economics Working Paper Archive wp_335, Levy Economics Institute.
    2. Joel Perlmann, 2001. "Young Mexican Americans, Blacks, and Whites in Recent Years: Schooling and Teen Motherhood as Indicators of Strengths and Risks," Macroeconomics 0108006, University Library of Munich, Germany.
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    Cited by:

    1. Laurence Lessard-Phillips & Yaojun Li, 2017. "Social Stratification of Education by Ethnic Minority Groups over Generations in the UK," Social Inclusion, Cogitatio Press, vol. 5(1), pages 45-54.
    2. Sweetman, A. & van Ours, J.C., 2014. "Immigration : What About the Children and Grandchildren?," Discussion Paper 2014-009, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
    3. Julie Park & Stephanie Nawyn & Megan Benetsky, 2015. "Feminized Intergenerational Mobility Without Assimilation? Post-1965 U.S. Immigrants and the Gender Revolution," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 52(5), pages 1601-1626, October.
    4. repec:pri:cmgdev:wp0701 is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Sweetman, A. & van Ours, J.C., 2014. "Immigration : What About the Children and Grandchildren?," Discussion Paper 2014-009, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
    6. Siahaan, Freddy & Lee, Daniel Y. & Kalist, David E., 2014. "Educational attainment of children of immigrants: Evidence from the national longitudinal survey of youth," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 1-8.
    7. van Ours, Jan C. & Veenman, Justus, 2008. "How Interethnic Marriages Affect the Educational Attainment of Children: Evidence from a Natural Experiment," IZA Discussion Papers 3308, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    8. Estrella Gualda, 2007. "Researching Second Generation in a Transitional, European, and Agricultural Context of Reception of Immigrants," Working Papers 332, Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Center for Migration and Development..
    9. Basu Sukanya & Insler Michael, 2017. "Education Outcomes of Children of Asian Intermarriages: Does Gender of the Immigrant Parent Matter?," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 17(1), pages 1-21, February.
    10. Delia Furtado, 2009. "Cross-nativity marriages and human capital levels of children," Research in Labor Economics, in: Ethnicity and Labor Market Outcomes, pages 273-296, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
    11. Watkins, Adam M. & Melde, Chris, 2009. "Immigrants, assimilation, and perceived school disorder: An examination of the "other" ethnicities," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 37(6), pages 627-635, November.
    12. Christopher D. Smith & Jonas Helgertz & Kirk Scott, 2019. "Time and Generation: Parents’ Integration and Children’s School Performance in Sweden, 1989–2011," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 35(4), pages 719-750, October.
    13. Sharmani Gabriel & Edmund Gomez & Zarine Rocha, 2012. "Between policy and reality: multiculturalism, the second generation, and the third space in Britain," Asia Europe Journal, Springer, vol. 10(4), pages 267-285, December.
    14. Tom Kleinepier & Helga de Valk, 2016. "Ethnic differences in family trajectories of young adult women in the Netherlands: Timing and sequencing of events," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 35(24), pages 671-710.
    15. van Ours, Jan C. & Veenman, Justus, 2008. "How Interethnic Marriages Affect the Educational Attainment of Children; Evidence from a Natural Experiment," CEPR Discussion Papers 6688, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.

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