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The effect of COVID‐19 on long‐distance transport services in France

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  • Florent Laroche

Abstract

This paper explores the effect of COVID‐19 on long‐distance transport services in France. These services have been deeply impacted by the different lockdowns imposed. However, until now, few papers have considered this topic. The research examines the long‐distance transportation market before COVID‐19 to understand how it adapted to the COVID‐19 countermeasures. The empirical research is based on a large pool of data pertaining to four transport routes in France from September 2019 to November 2021 for four modes (coach, carpooling, train, and air). Prices and frequencies are the main variables. The study's results must be considered carefully because the pandemic is ongoing. The first finding is the severe crisis in terms of supply during the first lockdown in March 2020. Throughout the rest of 2020 and 2021, services increased slowly, with rail and carpooling recovering to almost their 2019 levels, though this is not yet the case for coach and air services. The second finding is that the dominant mode, rail, enjoys the greatest market concentration, especially in comparison to air, which is still experiencing difficulties because of the reduction in the business market. The last finding highlights the persistence of conventional services during the different lockdowns and the high variability of low‐cost services, which disappeared during the crisis. However, mainly thanks to state financial support, no operator went bankrupt or left the market. Finally, low‐cost services were recovering faster in autumn 2021 than conventional services, thereby increasing their market share. The crisis in the business market may explain the difficulty conventional services face whereas low‐cost services are better adapted to the leisure market. Este artículo explora el efecto de COVID‐19 en los servicios de transporte de larga distancia en Francia. Estos servicios se han visto profundamente afectados por los diferentes confinamientos impuestos. Sin embargo, hasta ahora, pocos artículos han considerado este tema. La investigación examina el mercado del transporte de larga distancia antes de COVID‐19 para entender cómo se adaptó a las contramedidas de COVID‐19. La investigación empírica se basa en un amplio conjunto de datos pertenecientes a cuatro rutas de transporte en Francia desde septiembre de 2019 hasta noviembre de 2021 para cuatro modalidades (autocar, coche compartido, tren y avión). Los precios y las frecuencias son las principales variables. Los resultados del estudio se deben considerar cuidadosamente porque la pandemia aún continúa. El primer hallazgo es la grave crisis de abastecimiento durante el primer confinamiento de marzo de 2020. Durante el resto de 2020 y en 2021 los servicios aumentaron lentamente, con el ferrocarril y el coche compartido recuperando casi sus niveles de 2019, aunque todavía no es el caso de los servicios de autocares y aéreos. El segundo hallazgo es que el modo dominante, el ferrocarril, es el que goza de una mayor cuota del mercado, sobre todo en comparación con el aéreo, que sigue teniendo dificultades por la reducción del mercado empresarial. El último hallazgo pone de manifiesto la persistencia de los servicios convencionales durante los diferentes confinamientos y la gran variabilidad de los servicios de bajo costo, que desaparecieron durante la crisis. Sin embargo, gracias sobre todo al apoyo financiero del Estado, ningún operador quebró o abandonó el mercado. Por último, los servicios de bajo costo se recuperaron más rápidamente en otoño de 2021 que los servicios convencionales, aumentando así su cuota de mercado. La crisis del mercado empresarial puede explicar la dificultad de los servicios convencionales, mientras que los servicios de bajo costo se adaptan mejor al mercado del ocio. 本稿では、フランスにおける長距離輸送サービスに対するCOVID‐19の影響を検討する。長距離輸送サービスは、複数回実施されたロックダウンの影響を大きく受けている。しかし、これまでこの課題を検討した論文はほとんどない。COVID‐19以前の長距離輸送市場を調査し、COVID‐19対策にどのように適応したかを解明する。2019年9月~2021年11月までの、4つの輸送手段[バス、カープール(自動車相乗り)、鉄道、飛行機]の、フランスの4つの交通ルートに関する大量のデータに基づく実証的研究を実施した。価格と頻度を主変数とした。パンデミックはまだ続いているため、この研究結果は慎重に検討する必要がある。最初に得られた知見は、2020年3月の最初のロックダウン中の供給面での深刻な危機である。2020年の残りと2021年の期間を通して、サービスの量はゆっくりと増加し、鉄道とカープールはほぼ2019年のレベルに回復したが、バスと航空サービスはまだ回復していない。二つ目の知見は、利用者の多い手段である鉄道が、特にビジネス市場における減少のために依然として困難な状況にある飛行機と比較して、最大の市場の集中を得ていることである。最後に得られた知見は、複数回実施されたロックダウンの間に従来型のサービスが存続していたことと、低価格サービスは変動性が大きくコロナ危機の間に消滅してしまったことを強調する。しかし、主に国の財政支援のおかげで、倒産したり市場から撤退したりした事業者はいなかった。最終的には、2021年秋には低価格サービスが従来のサービスよりも急速に回復し、市場シェアを拡大した。ビジネス市場の危機は、従来のサービスが直面している困難を説明するかもしれないが、低価格サービスはレジャー市場により適している。

Suggested Citation

  • Florent Laroche, 2022. "The effect of COVID‐19 on long‐distance transport services in France," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 14(S1), pages 41-60, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:14:y:2022:i:s1:p:41-60
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12534
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Monchambert, Guillaume, 2020. "Why do (or don’t) people carpool for long distance trips? A discrete choice experiment in France," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 911-931.
    2. Aaditya, Bh. & Rahul, T.M., 2021. "Psychological impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the mode choice behaviour: A hybrid choice modelling approach," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 47-58.
    3. Vickerman, Roger, 2021. "Will Covid-19 put the public back in public transport? A UK perspective," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 95-102.
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    1. Laroche, Florent, 2024. "Goodbye monopoly: The effect of open access passenger rail competition on price and frequency in France on the high-speed paris-Lyon line," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 12-21.

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