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China’s Development of ETS as a GHG Mitigating Policy Tool: A Case of Policy Diffusion or Domestic Drivers?

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  • Gørild Heggelund
  • Iselin Stensdal
  • Maosheng Duan
  • Jørgen Wettestad

Abstract

China launched its national emissions trading scheme (ETS) in late 2017. This article examines the key drivers behind China’s 2011 decision to opt for ETS as a GHG mitigating policy tool and what lay behind the choice of the system’s design features. Given the existence of the frontrunner EU ETS and that market mechanisms have spread across the world in recent years, we analyze the role played by policy diffusion in the decision to launch an ETS and in the subsequent design process, seen in relation to domestic drivers. The article investigates policy developments culminating in the 2011 carbon market announcement, and the reasons these design elements were chosen for the pilot schemes and the national market in the period 2011–2017. The article contributes to our understanding of policy diffusion at different stages of policy development in China, by revealing which diffusion mechanism is more prevalent at different stages. We find first that overall domestic conditions and drivers had the most consistent impact on policy decisions to establish a carbon market and on the selected sectors. However, a second key finding is that the role of policy diffusion varied over time, with such diffusion, in the form of ideational impact, playing the most important role early on, providing a powerful inducement for China to go for a carbon market. Third, sophisticated learning from international projects took place in the pilots, allowing China to adapt policies and design features to match local conditions. 中国发展ETS作为缓解温室气体效应的政策工具:是政策扩散还是国内驱动? 2017年末,中国启动了国家碳排放交易计划(ETS)。本文分析了2011年中国决定选择ETS作为温室气体(GHG) 效应缓解政策工具的主要驱动因素以及系统设计特点的选择原因。鉴于先锋欧盟ETS的存在,又由于市场机制近年来已遍布世界,笔者分析了政策扩散在启动ETS的决定中所起的作用,以及随后的设计过程中与国内驱动的关系。本文探讨了2011年碳市场公告的政策发展,以及这些设计要素被选择作为2011‐2017年间试点方案和国家市场的原因。本文通过揭示哪一种扩散机制在不同阶段更为普遍,有助于加强大家对中国政策发展不同阶段政策扩散的认识。笔者首先发现,总体国内条件和驱动因素对建立碳市场的政策决定和选定的部门产生了最一致的影响。然而,第二个关键发现在于,政策扩散的作用随着时间的推移而有所不同,这种扩散以观念影响的形式进行,在早期发挥着最重要的作用,为中国走向碳市场提供了强大的动力。第三个发现是,通过国际项目试点过程的深入学习,中国能够根据当地情况调整政策和设计特色。 El desarrollo de ETS en China como una herramienta de política de mitigación de GEI: ¿Un caso de difusión de políticas o impulsores domésticos? China lanzó su esquema nacional de comercio de emisiones (ETS) a fines de 2017. Este artículo examina los impulsores clave detrás de la decisión de 2011 de China de optar por ETS como una herramienta de política de mitigación de GEI y lo que está detrás de la elección de las características de diseño del sistema. Dada la existencia del principal ETS de la UE y que los mecanismos de mercado se han extendido por todo el mundo en los últimos años, analizamos el papel desempeñado por la difusión de políticas en la decisión de lanzar un ETS y en el proceso de diseño posterior, en relación con los conductores nacionales. El artículo investiga los desarrollos de políticas que culminaron con el anuncio del mercado de carbono de 2011 y las razones por las que estos elementos de diseño se eligieron para los esquemas piloto y el mercado nacional en el período 2011–2017. El artículo contribuye a nuestra comprensión de la difusión de políticas en diferentes etapas del desarrollo de políticas en China, al revelar qué mecanismo de difusión es más frecuente en diferentes etapas. Primero, encontramos que las condiciones y los factores internos generales tuvieron el impacto más consistente en las decisiones de políticas para establecer un mercado de carbono y en los sectores seleccionados. Sin embargo, un segundo hallazgo clave es que el papel de la difusión de políticas varió con el tiempo, con dicha difusión, en forma de impacto ideacional, desempeñando el papel más importante desde el principio, proporcionando un poderoso incentivo para que China opte por un mercado de carbono. En tercer lugar, el aprendizaje sofisticado de proyectos internacionales se llevó a cabo en los proyectos piloto, lo que permitió a China adaptar las políticas y diseñar características para adaptarse a las condiciones locales.

Suggested Citation

  • Gørild Heggelund & Iselin Stensdal & Maosheng Duan & Jørgen Wettestad, 2019. "China’s Development of ETS as a GHG Mitigating Policy Tool: A Case of Policy Diffusion or Domestic Drivers?," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 36(2), pages 168-194, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:revpol:v:36:y:2019:i:2:p:168-194
    DOI: 10.1111/ropr.12328
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    Cited by:

    1. Iselin Stensdal & Gørild Heggelund, 2023. "Changes in China’s climate justice perceptions: domestic and international consequences," Asia Europe Journal, Springer, vol. 21(3), pages 459-480, September.
    2. Gørild M. Heggelund, 2021. "China’s climate and energy policy: at a turning point?," International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 9-23, March.
    3. Gørild Heggelund & Iselin Stensdal & Maosheng Duan, 2022. "China’s Carbon Market: Potential for Success?," Politics and Governance, Cogitatio Press, vol. 10(1), pages 265-274.
    4. Evan M. Mistur & John Wagner Givens & Daniel C. Matisoff, 2023. "Contagious COVID‐19 policies: Policy diffusion during times of crisis," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 40(1), pages 36-62, January.
    5. Jon Birger Skjærseth & Steinar Andresen & Guri Bang & Gørild M. Heggelund, 2021. "The Paris agreement and key actors’ domestic climate policy mixes: comparative patterns," International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 59-73, March.
    6. Fan, Wei & Li, Li & Wang, Feiran & Li, Ding, 2020. "Driving factors of CO2 emission inequality in China: The role of government expenditure," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).

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