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The Role of Real Estate in the Portfolio Allocation Process

Author

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  • Jarl G. Kallberg
  • Crocker H. Liu
  • D. Wylie Greig

Abstract

This study explores the role of direct real estate investment in a portfolio context incorporating the real estate imperfections of indivisible assets and no short sales. Mean‐variance efficient portfolios are calculated using Treasury‐bills, bond and equity indices together with cash flows and appraised values from a set of twenty‐two properties having an aggregate appraised value of $336 million. Real estate diversification benefits are shown to be the greatest with smaller properties and are most advantageous at higher target levels of return. The study suggests that a 9% allocation to real estate is optimal, rather than the 20% figure suggested in other studies.

Suggested Citation

  • Jarl G. Kallberg & Crocker H. Liu & D. Wylie Greig, 1996. "The Role of Real Estate in the Portfolio Allocation Process," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 24(3), pages 359-377, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:reesec:v:24:y:1996:i:3:p:359-377
    DOI: 10.1111/1540-6229.00695
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    Cited by:

    1. Armonat, Stefan & Pfnür, Andreas, 2002. "Basel II and the German credit crunch?," Publications of Darmstadt Technical University, Institute for Business Studies (BWL) 35585, Darmstadt Technical University, Department of Business Administration, Economics and Law, Institute for Business Studies (BWL).
    2. Glassman, Debra A. & Riddick, Leigh A., 2001. "What causes home asset bias and how should it be measured?," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 8(1), pages 35-54, March.
    3. Prashant Das & Patrick Smith & Paul Gallimore, 2018. "Pricing Extreme Attributes in Commercial Real Estate: the Case of Hotel Transactions," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 57(2), pages 264-296, August.
    4. Carolina Fugazza & Massimo Guidolin & Giovanna Nicodano, 2007. "Investing for the Long-run in European Real Estate," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 34(1), pages 35-80, January.
    5. Carolina Fugazza & Massimo Guidolin & Giovanna Nicodano, 2008. "Diversifying in public real estate: The ex-post performance," Journal of Asset Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 8(6), pages 361-373, February.
    6. Kenneth Gibb & Martin Hoesli, 2003. "Developments in Urban Housing and Property Markets," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 40(5-6), pages 887-896, May.
    7. Martin Hoesli & Eva Liljeblom & Anders Loflund, 2014. "The Effect of Lock-Ups on the Suggested Real Estate Portfolio Weight," International Real Estate Review, Global Social Science Institute, vol. 17(1), pages 1-22.
    8. Jie Li & Sheng Li & Alice Y. Ouyang, 2023. "Housing and Wealth Inequality: The Role of Financial Market Participation," Annals of Economics and Finance, Society for AEF, vol. 24(1), pages 141-170, May.
    9. Walter Boudry & N. Coulson & Jarl Kallberg & Crocker Liu, 2013. "On Indexing Commercial Real Estate Properties and Portfolios," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 47(4), pages 617-639, November.
    10. Xu Guo & Xuejun Jiang & Wing-Keung Wong, 2017. "Stochastic Dominance and Omega Ratio: Measures to Examine Market Efficiency, Arbitrage Opportunity, and Anomaly," Economies, MDPI, vol. 5(4), pages 1-16, October.
    11. Chun-Kei Tsang & Wing-Keung Wong & Ira Horowitz, 2016. "Arbitrage opportunities, efficiency, and the role of risk preferences in the Hong Kong property market," Studies in Economics and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 33(4), pages 735-754, October.
    12. Martin Hoesli & Jon Lekander & Witold Witkiewicz, 2004. "New International Evidence on Real Estate as a Portfolio Diversifier," Journal of Real Estate Research, American Real Estate Society, vol. 26(2), pages 161-206.
    13. Daniele Bianchi & Massimo Guidolin, 2014. "Can Linear Predictability Models Time Bull and Bear Real Estate Markets? Out-of-Sample Evidence from REIT Portfolios," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 49(1), pages 116-164, July.
    14. Sergio Mayordomo & Maria Rodriguez-Moreno & Juan Ignacio Pe�a, 2014. "Portfolio choice with indivisible and illiquid housing assets: the case of Spain," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(11), pages 2045-2064, November.
    15. Andonov, Aleksandar & Eichholtz, Piet & Kok, Nils, 2015. "Intermediated investment management in private markets: Evidence from pension fund investments in real estate," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 22(C), pages 73-103.
    16. Tumellano Sebehela, 2016. "Portfolio Formation Memory," Annals of Financial Economics (AFE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 11(02), pages 1-16, June.
    17. Dirk Brounen & Melissa Porras Prado & Marno Verbeek, 2010. "Real Estate in an ALM Framework: The Case of Fair Value Accounting," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 38(4), pages 775-804, Winter.
    18. Zhuo Qiao & Wing-Keung Wong, 2015. "Which is a better investment choice in the Hong Kong residential property market: a big or small property?," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 47(16), pages 1670-1685, April.
    19. Zhenguo Lin & Kerry D. Vandell, 2006. "Illiquidity and Pricing Biases in the Real Estate Market," Working Paper 8577, USC Lusk Center for Real Estate.
    20. Nguyen, Duc Khuong & Topaloglou, Nikolas & Walther, Thomas, 2020. "Asset Classes and Portfolio Diversification: Evidence from a Stochastic Spanning Approach," MPRA Paper 103870, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    21. Jansen, Kristy, 2021. "Essays on institutional investors, portfolio choice, and asset prices," Other publications TiSEM fd998408-d282-4e0f-b542-4, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    22. Tsang, Chun-Kei & Wong, Wing-Keung & Horowitz, Ira, 2016. "A stochastic-dominance approach to determining the optimal home-size purchase: The case of Hong Kong," MPRA Paper 69175, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    23. Simon Stevenson, 2000. "International Real Estate Diversification: Empirical Tests using Hedged Indices," Journal of Real Estate Research, American Real Estate Society, vol. 19(1), pages 105-131.

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