IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/popmgt/v32y2023i4p1112-1132.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Supply diversification under random yield: The impact of price postponement

Author

Listed:
  • Lingxiu Dong
  • Guang Xiao
  • Nan Yang

Abstract

Supply diversification and pricing are two common mechanisms for dealing with supply yield uncertainty. This paper characterizes a firm's pricing and sourcing decisions under supply yield uncertainty, and studies the interplay between the two mechanisms. We compare the optimal sourcing decisions under two distinct pricing schemes: (1) ex ante pricing—the firm simultaneously makes the sales price and sourcing decisions before production takes place; (2) responsive pricing—the pricing decision is postponed until after the production yield realization. Although the firm is better off with responsive pricing, the effect of price postponement on the optimal sourcing decision and the firm's need for supply diversification varies and is influenced by factors such as unit procurement cost, supply portfolio, and supply reliability. For the case of one unreliable supplier, we show that responsive pricing mitigates the overage and underage risks imposed by yield uncertainty, and results in a lower optimal order quantity than that under ex ante pricing when the procurement cost is low, and a higher quantity otherwise. For the case of two unreliable suppliers, we show that responsive pricing promotes supply diversification when the sole‐sourced supplier's reliability is low, and discourages when it is high. By contrast, when the sole‐sourced supplier's reliability is moderate, responsive pricing promotes supply diversification when its unit procurement cost is low and discourages otherwise. The composition of supply portfolio also has a fundamental impact on such strategic interplay: When the supply portfolio consists of one unreliable and one reliable supplier, diversified sourcing is never optimal under ex ante pricing, but may be optimal under responsive pricing. Thus, responsive pricing promotes dual sourcing in this setting. We also conduct comprehensive numerical experiments to both confirm the robustness of the main results and derive additional insights.

Suggested Citation

  • Lingxiu Dong & Guang Xiao & Nan Yang, 2023. "Supply diversification under random yield: The impact of price postponement," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 32(4), pages 1112-1132, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:popmgt:v:32:y:2023:i:4:p:1112-1132
    DOI: 10.1111/poms.13915
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13915
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/poms.13915?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Nicholas C. Petruzzi & Maqbool Dada, 1999. "Pricing and the Newsvendor Problem: A Review with Extensions," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 47(2), pages 183-194, April.
    2. Ruxian Wang, 2018. "When Prospect Theory Meets Consumer Choice Models: Assortment and Pricing Management with Reference Prices," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 20(3), pages 583-600, July.
    3. Awi Federgruen & Aliza Heching, 1999. "Combined Pricing and Inventory Control Under Uncertainty," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 47(3), pages 454-475, June.
    4. Jan A. Van Mieghem & Maqbool Dada, 1999. "Price Versus Production Postponement: Capacity and Competition," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 45(12), pages 1639-1649, December.
    5. Edwin S. Mills, 1959. "Uncertainty and Price Theory," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 73(1), pages 116-130.
    6. Awi Federgruen & Nan Yang, 2009. "Optimal Supply Diversification Under General Supply Risks," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 57(6), pages 1451-1468, December.
    7. Hongmin Li & Woonghee Tim Huh, 2011. "Pricing Multiple Products with the Multinomial Logit and Nested Logit Models: Concavity and Implications," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 13(4), pages 549-563, October.
    8. Mengshi Lu & Lun Ran & Zuo-Jun Max Shen, 2015. "Reliable Facility Location Design Under Uncertain Correlated Disruptions," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 17(4), pages 445-455, October.
    9. Ravi Anupindi & Ram Akella, 1993. "Diversification Under Supply Uncertainty," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 39(8), pages 944-963, August.
    10. Tang, Christopher S. & Yin, Rui, 2007. "Responsive pricing under supply uncertainty," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 182(1), pages 239-255, October.
    11. Youhua (Frank) Chen & Minghui Xu & Zhe George Zhang, 2009. "Technical Note---A Risk-Averse Newsvendor Model Under the CVaR Criterion," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 57(4), pages 1040-1044, August.
    12. Candace Arai Yano & Hau L. Lee, 1995. "Lot Sizing with Random Yields: A Review," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 43(2), pages 311-334, April.
    13. Burak Kazaz & Scott Webster, 2011. "The Impact of Yield-Dependent Trading Costs on Pricing and Production Planning Under Supply Uncertainty," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 13(3), pages 404-417, July.
    14. Fang, Yaner & Shou, Biying, 2015. "Managing supply uncertainty under supply chain Cournot competition," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 243(1), pages 156-176.
    15. Panos Kouvelis & Guang Xiao & Nan Yang, 2018. "On the Properties of Yield Distributions in Random Yield Problems: Conditions, Class of Distributions and Relevant Applications," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 27(7), pages 1291-1302, July.
    16. T. M. Whitin, 1955. "Inventory Control and Price Theory," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 2(1), pages 61-68, October.
    17. Frank W. Ciarallo & Ramakrishna Akella & Thomas E. Morton, 1994. "A Periodic Review, Production Planning Model with Uncertain Capacity and Uncertain Demand---Optimality of Extended Myopic Policies," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 40(3), pages 320-332, March.
    18. Qing Li & Shaohui Zheng, 2006. "Joint Inventory Replenishment and Pricing Control for Systems with Uncertain Yield and Demand," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 54(4), pages 696-705, August.
    19. Mordechai Henig & Yigal Gerchak, 1990. "The Structure of Periodic Review Policies in the Presence of Random Yield," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 38(4), pages 634-643, August.
    20. Maqbool Dada & Nicholas C. Petruzzi & Leroy B. Schwarz, 2007. "A Newsvendor's Procurement Problem when Suppliers Are Unreliable," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 9(1), pages 9-32, August.
    21. Awi Federgruen & Nan Yang, 2014. "Infinite Horizon Strategies for Replenishment Systems with a General Pool of Suppliers," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 62(1), pages 141-159, February.
    22. Tao Li & Suresh P. Sethi & Jun Zhang, 2017. "Mitigating Supply Uncertainty: The Interplay Between Diversification and Pricing," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 26(3), pages 369-388, March.
    23. Wenting Pan & Kut C. So, 2010. "TECHNICAL NOTE---Optimal Product Pricing and Component Production Quantities for an Assembly System Under Supply Uncertainty," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 58(6), pages 1792-1797, December.
    24. Huaxia Rui & Guoming Lai, 2015. "Sourcing with Deferred Payment and Inspection under Supplier Product Adulteration Risk," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 24(6), pages 934-946, June.
    25. Pan, Wenting & So, Kut C. & Xiao, Guang, 2022. "Benefits of backup sourcing for components in assembly systems under supply uncertainty," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 302(1), pages 158-171.
    26. Awi Federgruen & Nan Yang, 2011. "TECHNICAL NOTE---Procurement Strategies with Unreliable Suppliers," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 59(4), pages 1033-1039, August.
    27. Qi Feng & Justin Jia & J. George Shanthikumar, 2019. "Dynamic Multisourcing with Dependent Supplies," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(6), pages 2770-2786, June.
    28. Lingxiu Dong & Brian Tomlin, 2012. "Managing Disruption Risk: The Interplay Between Operations and Insurance," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 58(10), pages 1898-1915, October.
    29. Bin Hu & Dimitris Kostamis, 2015. "Managing Supply Disruptions when Sourcing from Reliable and Unreliable Suppliers," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 24(5), pages 808-820, May.
    30. Lingxiu Dong & Panos Kouvelis & Zhongjun Tian, 2009. "Dynamic Pricing and Inventory Control of Substitute Products," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 11(2), pages 317-339, December.
    31. Ayşe Kocabıyıkoğlu & Ioana Popescu, 2011. "An Elasticity Approach to the Newsvendor with Price-Sensitive Demand," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 59(2), pages 301-312, April.
    32. Jiri Chod & Nils Rudi, 2005. "Resource Flexibility with Responsive Pricing," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 53(3), pages 532-548, June.
    33. Sammi Yu Tang & Panos Kouvelis, 2011. "Supplier Diversification Strategies in the Presence of Yield Uncertainty and Buyer Competition," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 13(4), pages 439-451, October.
    34. Jinfa Chen & David D. Yao & Shaohui Zheng, 2001. "Optimal Replenishment and Rework with Multiple Unreliable Supply Sources," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 49(3), pages 430-443, June.
    35. Qi Feng, 2010. "Integrating Dynamic Pricing and Replenishment Decisions Under Supply Capacity Uncertainty," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 56(12), pages 2154-2172, December.
    36. Ruxian Wang & Zizhuo Wang, 2017. "Consumer Choice Models with Endogenous Network Effects," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 63(11), pages 3944-3960, November.
    37. Lingxiu Dong & Sammi Yu Tang & Brian Tomlin, 2018. "Production Chain Disruptions: Inventory, Preparedness, and Insurance," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 27(7), pages 1251-1270, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Panos Kouvelis & Guang Xiao & Nan Yang, 2021. "Role of Risk Aversion in Price Postponement Under Supply Random Yield," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(8), pages 4826-4844, August.
    2. Serel, Doğan A., 2017. "A single-period stocking and pricing problem involving stochastic emergency supply," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 180-195.
    3. Pan, Wenting & So, Kut C. & Xiao, Guang, 2022. "Benefits of backup sourcing for components in assembly systems under supply uncertainty," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 302(1), pages 158-171.
    4. Xu, He & Zuo, Xiaolu & Liu, Zhixue, 2015. "Configuration of flexibility strategies under supply uncertainty," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 71-82.
    5. Qi Feng & J. George Shanthikumar, 2018. "Supply and Demand Functions in Inventory Models," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 66(1), pages 77-91, 1-2.
    6. Seung Hwan Jung, 2020. "Offshore versus Onshore Sourcing: Quick Response, Random Yield, and Competition," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 29(3), pages 750-766, March.
    7. Wen Chen & Ying He, 2022. "Dynamic pricing and inventory control with delivery flexibility," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 317(2), pages 481-508, October.
    8. Wen Chen & Burcu Tan, 2022. "Dynamic procurement from multiple suppliers with random capacities," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 317(2), pages 509-536, October.
    9. Yuan, Zhennan & Chen, Frank Y. & Yan, Xiaoming & Yu, Yugang, 2020. "Operational implications of yield uncertainty in mergers and acquisitions," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 219(C), pages 248-258.
    10. Jain, Tarun & Hazra, Jishnu, 2017. "Sourcing strategies under agglomeration economies, capacity risks and retail competition," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 311-322.
    11. Xiuli Chao & Xiting Gong & Shaohui Zheng, 2016. "Optimal pricing and inventory policies with reliable and random-yield suppliers: characterization and comparison," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 241(1), pages 35-51, June.
    12. Ming Zhao & Nickolas Freeman & Kai Pan, 2023. "Robust Sourcing Under Multilevel Supply Risks: Analysis of Random Yield and Capacity," INFORMS Journal on Computing, INFORMS, vol. 35(1), pages 178-195, January.
    13. Mohammadivojdan, Roshanak & Merzifonluoglu, Yasemin & Geunes, Joseph, 2022. "Procurement portfolio planning for a newsvendor with supplier delivery uncertainty," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 297(3), pages 917-929.
    14. Qi Feng & Sirong Luo & J. George Shanthikumar, 2020. "Integrating Dynamic Pricing with Inventory Decisions Under Lost Sales," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 66(5), pages 2232-2247, May.
    15. Xue, Weili & Choi, Tsan-Ming & Ma, Lijun, 2016. "Diversification strategy with random yield suppliers for a mean–variance risk-sensitive manufacturer," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 90-107.
    16. Qi Feng, 2010. "Integrating Dynamic Pricing and Replenishment Decisions Under Supply Capacity Uncertainty," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 56(12), pages 2154-2172, December.
    17. Qi Feng & Zhongjie Ma & Zhaofang Mao & J. George Shanthikumar, 2021. "Multi‐Stage Supply Chain with Production Uncertainty," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 30(4), pages 921-940, April.
    18. Qi Feng & Justin Jia & J. George Shanthikumar, 2019. "Dynamic Multisourcing with Dependent Supplies," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(6), pages 2770-2786, June.
    19. Wang, Daqin & Tang, Ou & Zhang, Lihua, 2014. "A periodic review lot sizing problem with random yields, disruptions and inventory capacity," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 330-339.
    20. Xu, Minghui & Lu, Ye, 2013. "The effect of supply uncertainty in price-setting newsvendor models," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 227(3), pages 423-433.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bla:popmgt:v:32:y:2023:i:4:p:1112-1132. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1937-5956 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.