IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/popmgt/v32y2023i11p3413-3432.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Inventory and financial strategies of capital‐constrained firms under limited joint liability financing

Author

Listed:
  • Bin Cao
  • Xin Chen
  • T. C. Edwin Cheng
  • Yuanguang Zhong
  • Yong‐Wu Zhou

Abstract

This paper studies the operations and financial decisions of two capital‐constrained firms via a limited joint liability (LJL) financing scheme offered by a bank with a menu of loan terms including interest rate and leverage ratio/credit line. To explicitly assess the value of LJL financing, we assume that the firms either use LJL financing scheme or traditional individual financing scheme to finance their operations. Under LJL financing scheme, we construct a non‐cooperative game model in which the two firms separately determine their own inventory decision to serve random demand, according to the prior joint liability agreement between the two firms and the bank. We prove that the non‐cooperative game between the two firms under the LJL financing scheme is a supermodular, and thus establish the existence of equilibrium inventory decisions of the firms. We then characterize the optimal loan terms of the profit‐seeking bank under the proposed two financing schemes. Our results show that the joint‐liability mechanism of the LJL financing scheme always induces the firms to overinvest in their ordering decisions (relative to the case of the individual financing scheme), which reveals that the endogenous financial terms of the LJL financing scheme have a positive effect on the firms' operational decisions. Importantly, we provide conditions under which the loan terms of the proposed two financing schemes can be properly set by the bank to make the LJL financing scheme more beneficial to the bank and the two firms, and the bank offering this financing scheme can obtain two additional benefits—that is, a higher probability of recouping all the loans and a lower profit risk (i.e., the standard derivation of the bank's random total profit), compared to individual financing scheme. The research findings provide managerial insights for a profit‐seeking bank on how to offer financial loans to capital‐constrained firms and for those capital‐constrained firms on how to cooperate with one another.

Suggested Citation

  • Bin Cao & Xin Chen & T. C. Edwin Cheng & Yuanguang Zhong & Yong‐Wu Zhou, 2023. "Inventory and financial strategies of capital‐constrained firms under limited joint liability financing," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 32(11), pages 3413-3432, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:popmgt:v:32:y:2023:i:11:p:3413-3432
    DOI: 10.1111/poms.14042
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.14042
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/poms.14042?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ghatak, Maitreesh & Guinnane, Timothy W., 1999. "The economics of lending with joint liability: theory and practice," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 60(1), pages 195-228, October.
    2. Christopher S. Tang & S. Alex Yang & Jing Wu, 2018. "Sourcing from Suppliers with Financial Constraints and Performance Risk," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 20(1), pages 70-84, February.
    3. Ghatak, Maitreesh, 2000. "Screening by the Company You Keep: Joint Liability Lending and the Peer Selection Effect," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 110(465), pages 601-631, July.
    4. Panos Kouvelis & Wenhui Zhao, 2018. "Who Should Finance the Supply Chain? Impact of Credit Ratings on Supply Chain Decisions," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 20(1), pages 19-35, February.
    5. Diwakar Gupta & Lei Wang, 2009. "A Stochastic Inventory Model with Trade Credit," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 11(1), pages 4-18, November.
    6. Ghatak, Maitreesh, 1999. "Group lending, local information and peer selection," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 60(1), pages 27-50, October.
    7. Chowdhury, Prabal Roy, 2005. "Group-lending: Sequential financing, lender monitoring and joint liability," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 77(2), pages 415-439, August.
    8. Panos Kouvelis & Fasheng Xu, 2021. "A Supply Chain Theory of Factoring and Reverse Factoring," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(10), pages 6071-6088, October.
    9. Diwakar Gupta & Yibin Chen, 2020. "Retailer-Direct Financing Contracts Under Consignment," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 22(3), pages 528-544, May.
    10. Russell Cooper & Andrew John, 1988. "Coordinating Coordination Failures in Keynesian Models," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 103(3), pages 441-463.
    11. Jiri Chod, 2017. "Inventory, Risk Shifting, and Trade Credit," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 63(10), pages 3207-3225, October.
    12. Ahlin, Christian, 2015. "The role of group size in group lending," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 140-155.
    13. Bruce Wydick, 2001. "Group Lending under Dynamic Incentives as a Borrower Discipline Device," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 5(3), pages 406-420, October.
    14. Bhole, Bharat & Ogden, Sean, 2010. "Group lending and individual lending with strategic default," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(2), pages 348-363, March.
    15. Lai, Guoming & Debo, Laurens G. & Sycara, Katia, 2009. "Sharing inventory risk in supply chain: The implication of financial constraint," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 37(4), pages 811-825, August.
    16. repec:bla:rdevec:v:5:y:2001:i:3:p:406-20 is not listed on IDEAS
    17. Tunay I. Tunca & Weiming Zhu, 2018. "Buyer Intermediation in Supplier Finance," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 64(12), pages 5631-5650, December.
    18. Wei Luo & Kevin Shang, 2015. "Joint Inventory and Cash Management for Multidivisional Supply Chains," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 63(5), pages 1098-1116, October.
    19. Bahar Rezaei & Sriram Dasu & Reza Ahmadi, 2017. "Optimal Group Size in Joint Liability Contracts," Decision Analysis, INFORMS, vol. 14(3), pages 204-225, September.
    20. Wei Luo & Kevin H. Shang, 2019. "Technical Note—Managing Inventory for Firms with Trade Credit and Deficit Penalty," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 67(2), pages 468-478, March.
    21. Panos Kouvelis & Wenhui Zhao, 2012. "Financing the Newsvendor: Supplier vs. Bank, and the Structure of Optimal Trade Credit Contracts," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 60(3), pages 566-580, June.
    22. Shiming Deng & Chaocheng Gu & Gangshu (George) Cai & Yanhai Li, 2018. "Financing Multiple Heterogeneous Suppliers in Assembly Systems: Buyer Finance vs. Bank Finance," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 20(1), pages 53-69, February.
    23. Petersen, Mitchell A & Rajan, Raghuram G, 1994. "The Benefits of Lending Relationships: Evidence from Small Business Data," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 49(1), pages 3-37, March.
    24. Stiglitz, Joseph E, 1990. "Peer Monitoring and Credit Markets," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 4(3), pages 351-366, September.
    25. S. Alex Yang & John R. Birge, 2018. "Trade Credit, Risk Sharing, and Inventory Financing Portfolios," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 64(8), pages 3667-3689, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Cao, Bin & Zhong, Yuanguang & Zhou, Yong-Wu, 2024. "The role of completely joint liability in financing multiple capital-constrained firms: Risk sharing, inventory and financial strategies," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 313(3), pages 1072-1087.
    2. Xiao, Shuang & Sethi, Suresh P. & Li, Guo, 2024. "Trade credit vs. supplier-guaranteed financing: Role of friction costs," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).
    3. Ma, Cheng & Dai, Yuankang & Li, Zhongfei, 2022. "Financing format selection for electronic business platforms with a capital-constrained e-tailer," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    4. Xiaole Chen & Vernon N. Hsu & Guoming Lai & Yang Li, 2023. "Supply chain short‐term financing for responsible production at small and medium‐sized enterprises," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 32(12), pages 4154-4171, December.
    5. Rath, Sambit Brata & Basu, Preetam & Mandal, Prasenjit & Paul, Samit, 2021. "Financing models for an online seller with performance risk in an E-commerce marketplace," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    6. Zelong Yi & Yulan Wang & Ying‐Ju Chen, 2021. "Financing an Agricultural Supply Chain with a Capital‐Constrained Smallholder Farmer in Developing Economies," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 30(7), pages 2102-2121, July.
    7. Mandal, Prasenjit & Basu, Preetam & Choi, Tsan-Ming & Rath, Sambit Brata, 2024. "Platform financing vs. bank financing: Strategic choice of financing mode under seller competition," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 315(1), pages 130-146.
    8. Li, Yanhai & Gu, Chaocheng & Ou, Jinwen, 2020. "Supporting a financially constrained supplier under spectral risk measures: The efficiency of buyer lending," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    9. Xiao Huang, 2022. "Financing Disruptive Suppliers: Payment Advance, Timeline, and Discount Rate," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 31(3), pages 1115-1134, March.
    10. Lang Xu & Yuqi Luo & Jia Shi & Lin Liu, 2022. "Credit financing and channel encroachment: analysis of distribution choice in a dual-channel supply chain," Operational Research, Springer, vol. 22(4), pages 3925-3944, September.
    11. Attanasio, O.P. & Augsburg, B. & de Haas, R. & Fitzsimons, E. & Harmgart, H., 2013. "Group Lending or Individual Lending? Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment in Rural Mongolia," Discussion Paper 2013-074, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
    12. Deng, Sijing & Fu, Ke & Xu, Jiayan & Zhu, Kaijie, 2021. "The supply chain effects of trade credit under uncertain demands," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    13. Gongbing Bi & Hao Pan, 2023. "The Impact of Platform Encroachment on the Manufacturer’s Financing Strategy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-21, March.
    14. Yan, Nina & Zhang, Yaping & Xu, Xun & Gao, Yongling, 2021. "Online finance with dual channels and bidirectional free-riding effect," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    15. Emilios Galariotis & Christophe Villa & Nurmukhammad Yusupov, 2011. "Recent Advances in Lending to the Poor with Asymmetric Information," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 47(9), pages 1371-1390, July.
    16. Chowdhury, Shyamal & Chowdhury, Prabal Roy & Sengupta, Kunal, 2014. "Sequential lending with dynamic joint liability in micro-finance," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 167-180.
    17. Li, Jianbin & Cheng, Wei & Song, Xiangrong & Zheng, Yuting, 2023. "The value of buyer financing with a minimum quantity commitment in pull supply chains," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 121(C).
    18. Shyamal Chowdhury & Prabal Roy Chowdhury & Kunal Sengupta, 2014. "Sequential lending with dynamic joint liability in micro-finance," Discussion Papers 14-07, Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi.
    19. Wang, Jing & Wang, Kai & Li, Xiang & Zhao, Ruiqing, 2022. "Suppliers’ trade credit strategies with transparent credit ratings: Null, exclusive, and nonchalant provision," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 297(1), pages 153-163.
    20. Yuan, Xiaoyong & Bi, Gongbing & Fei, Yalei & Liu, Lindong, 2021. "Supply chain with random yield and financing," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bla:popmgt:v:32:y:2023:i:11:p:3413-3432. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1937-5956 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.