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Taxation of the Global Arms Trade? An Overview of the Issues

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  • Michael Brzoska

Abstract

A number of proposals for a tax on the international trade with weapons have been made during the last 25 years, most recently prior to the G‐8 summit in Lyon, France, in June 2003. Originally, the major objectives were both to reduce the level of trade in arms and raise money for purposes such as development and disarmament. Later proposals included the compensation of victims of the use of specific types of weapons. Various objections have been raised against the suggestions for an international arms trade tax. Major points include the difficulties of achieving sufficient levels of compliance, tax evasion through increases in domestic production and a stimulation of the illicit trade in arms. There are also fundamental objections against demeritorizing arms transfers only, and not also domestic production of arms. In order for an international arms trade tax to work, the level of transparency in the international arms trade would need to increase. A major part of the tax burden would be borne by buyers of arms, who are predominantly developing countries. However, these are currently also major beneficiaries of large‐scale subsidies on arms exports. An international arms trade tax will lead, using available estimates of price elasticities, to an increase in expenditures on arms import. Transfers from a fund fed by an arms trade tax should be spent in those countries which substantially reduce their spending on arms imports. In general, an arms trade tax makes more sense as a measure for disarmament than as a measure for development. Mehrfach ist in den letzten 25 Jahren vorgeschlagen worden, den internationalen Waffenhandel zu besteuern, zuletzt während des G‐8 Gipfeltreffens in Lyon, Frankreich, im Juni 2003. Ursprüngliche Hauptziele waren sowohl die Einschränkung des internationalen Handels mit Waffen als auch die Erzielung neuer Einnahmen zur Förderung von Entwicklung und Abrüstung. Spätere Vorschläge betrafen die Kompensation von Opfern verschiedener Waffentypen. Gegen die Vorschläge einer Abgabe auf Waffentransfers sind verschiedene Einwände vorgebracht worden. Wesentliche Argumente sind die Schwierigkeiten der Befolgung, Steuervermeidung durch erhöhte Eigenproduktion und die Verdrängung des Waffenhandels in die Illegalität. Es gibt auch grundsätzliche Bedenken gegen eine Besteuerung nur des Waffenhandels und nicht der Produktion. Eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für eine internationale Waffenhandelssteuer ist die Erhöhung der Transparenz im internationalen Waffenhandel. Ein Grossteil der Steuerlast würde von den Käufern getragen, die überwiegend Staaten der Dritten Welt sind. Diese sind aber zur Zeit auch Nutzniesser von Subventionen des Waffenexportes. Eine Waffenhandelssteuer würde, unter realistischen Annahmen über die Preiselastizitäten, zu einem Anstieg der Ausgaben für Rüstungsimporte führen. Mittel aus einem Fonds, der durch eine Waffenhandelssteuer gespeist wird, sollten in Länder fliessen, die ihre Rüstungsimporte substantiell verringern. Zusammengefasst macht eine solche Steuer auf Waffentransfers mehr Sinn als Abrüstungsmassnahme denn als Quelle von Entwicklungsfinanzierung. A plusieurs reprises pendant les 25 dernières années, et dernièrement au sommet des G 8 à Lyon, on a proposé de taxer les ventes internationales d'armes. A l'origine, les objectifs étaient autant la limitation des ventes internationales d'armes que l'accès à de nouvelles sources de revenus pour favoriser le développement et le désarmement. Des propositions ultérieures concernaient la compensation des victimes des différents types d'armes. Plusieurs objections ont été faites contre ces propositions pour la taxation des ventes d'armes. Les arguments essentiels sont la difficulté du contrôle de l'exécution d'une telle mesure, l'incitation à une production d'armes endogène pour éviter la taxation et l'encouragement à la production clandestine d'armes illégales. Il y a aussi des réserves fondamentales contre une taxation des ventes d'armes qui ne prendrait pas en compte leur production. Une des conditions primordiales pour une taxe sur les transferts d'armement est une transparence accrue des ventes d'armes. La plus grande partie des charges incombera aux acheteurs qui sont, principalement, des pays du tiers monde. Et pour le moment, ceux‐ci profitent aussi des subventions accordées aux exportations d'armes. Une taxation des ventes d'armes pourrait mener à une augmentation des dépenses pour l'importation d'armes. Les moyens financiers d'un fonds nourri par la taxation des ventes d'armes devraient être utilisés par des pays qui réduisent leurs importations d'armes de manière substantielle. En résumé, une telle taxation des transferts d'armement a plus de sens en tant que mesure pour le désarmement que pour le financement du développement.

Suggested Citation

  • Michael Brzoska, 2004. "Taxation of the Global Arms Trade? An Overview of the Issues," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 57(2), pages 149-171, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:kyklos:v:57:y:2004:i:2:p:149-171
    DOI: 10.1111/j.0023-5962.2004.00248.x
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    1. Sandler,Todd & Hartley,Keith, 1995. "The Economics of Defense," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521447287, September.
    2. Devarajan, Shantayanan & Swaroop, vinaya, 1998. "The implications of foreign aid fungibility for development assistance," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2022, The World Bank.
    3. Keith Hartley & Todd Sandler (ed.), 1995. "Handbook of Defense Economics," Handbook of Defense Economics, Elsevier, edition 1, volume 1, number 1.
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    1. Richard M. Bird, 2018. "Are global taxes feasible?," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 25(5), pages 1372-1400, October.
    2. Edward B. Barbier, 2012. "Économie verte et développement durable : enjeux de politique économique," Reflets et perspectives de la vie économique, De Boeck Université, vol. 0(4), pages 97-117.
    3. Edward Barbier, 2011. "The policy challenges for green economy and sustainable economic development," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 35(3), pages 233-245, August.
    4. Jennifer C. Olmsted & Caitlin Killian, 2023. "Postconflict Sexual and Reproductive Health and Justice, Gendered Well-being, and Long-term Development," Review of Radical Political Economics, Union for Radical Political Economics, vol. 55(1), pages 147-165, March.
    5. Richard M. Bird, 2014. "Global Taxes and International Taxation: Mirage and Reality," International Center for Public Policy Working Paper Series, at AYSPS, GSU paper1429, International Center for Public Policy, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University.

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